دو فصلنامه الاهیات اجتماعی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

The present article studies the emergence and the development of social theology in the early years of the nineteenth century. To do this, the writer has presented a short summary about the definition and the concept of social theology and has compared it with the similar and the related fields. Then, he proposes two methods for the study of the background of social theology. The first method for “implicit social theology,” and the second method for the “explicit social theology.” In the next part, the writer studies the Protestant social theology and the movement for the reformation of the religion. He also presents Kalovin’s and Luther’s ideas about the different issues of social theology. In the following parts he also presents other great thinkers of the movement and their views about social theology.

Classified structure is one of the social structures that has many different kinds based on gender, religion, and nations. The differences and competitions among these different classes often cause problems and challenges in the society. For this reason, the relations between these classes and their interactions have attracted the attentions of the sociologists. The study of those verses of the Holy Quran that are related to different levels of faith (Imaan), shows that a classified structure of religion is accepted in the Islamic society, at the same time, the recommendation of the religious leaders about the interaction of these classes is so that, they all invite it toward religious convergence and not toward divergence. Some of these recommendations are: the awareness of Muslims about the naturalness of these classes, the awareness of Muslims about the class they belong to, having a realistic view about the potentialities and capacities of the lower classes, and avoiding from having a despising point of view toward the lower classes and an attempt for their promotion. The writer of this article has done this, with the help of a saying (Hadith) from Imam Sadegh (P.B.U.H.).

The writer of the present article presents the paper in two parts. In the first part, he mentions that religion is a multidimensional reality and different branches of science study its different layers. In the second part of the article, the writer discusses that based on the verses of the Holy Quran, history has always been the representation of religion. Religions whether monotheistic or polytheistic, are called religions.

In the Holy Quran, ‘kingdom’ has educational and guiding purposes. From Quran’s point of view, because of its political and social functions, kingdom, is considered as God’s gift and blessing. Based on the values presented in the Holy Quran, such as positive and negative values, political power and the way each ruler and king behaves, the rulers and kings are divided into two groups of religious and non-religious. Religious rulers and kings, benefit from religion and other charismatic features, while non-religious kingdoms turn to be despotic and despotism is the main feature of these kinds of governments.

Human being has a nature that leads him toward convergence. The question is that; how different and various beliefs come together with this nature? This happens mostly in the present situation of the world, where, media networks ask for a sense of convergence; whether different believes do not stop this convergence? Whether Islam as a universal religion has a plan for this convergence? The writer of this article tries to answer these questions based on the three principles of ‘respect’, ‘peaceful life and symbiosis’, and ‘observing social morals’; and the holy Quran is considered as the Holy Book that invites toward peaceful symbiosis.

‘One part of Islamic teachings is about etiquettes. One of them is the way and manner of speaking. In Islam, ‘speaking’ can be discussed from two levels: the content of speaking and the manner of speaking. In Islam, the way and manner of speaking has been fully discussed; and it presents issues like talking to God, the great leaders of the religion, (mostly the prophet and Imams peace be upon them), those who have raised and trained us, (like parents and teachers) and the way of speaking to common people. This article discusses the most important manners of speaking such as speaking gently and softly, starting the speech by the name of Allah and avoiding from verbal violence, backbiting and flattering.

The main purpose of this research is to infer the order and punishment of insulting the prophet (P.B.U.H.) from the ‘Islamic traditions’ and ‘Hadith’. To do this, the writer of the article, has studied all the narrations (Ahaadith) of the prophet (P.B.U.H.) in the works of the Shiites and Sonnies, regarding the insulting of the prophet (P.B.U.H.). In addition to that, the writer of the paper has also studied all the narrations of Imams (peace be upon them) about the death sentence of the one who insults the prophet (P.B.U.H.). The writer also studies the punishments for this act in the age of the prophet (P.B.U.H.), the age of Imams (peace be upon them) and the age of the absence of Imam. The article also presents some these punishments from the history books and confirms these punishments based on the views and ideas if the Shiites religious leaders.