دو ماهنامه دانشور رفتار
پیاپی 32 (دی 1387)

The Electronics Industries(E.I) by its Unique Traits, E.I. is the only industry with: 15% growth rate in the world. In terms of change and innovation, the industry has experienced the greatest percentage in progress, such that new electronic product developments has made amazing changes in human life. Consumer electronic products variety, applying high-tech methods, using technologies in production, and the other technological advancements has turnd these products and their huge consumers capable of attracting a wide range of markets. Since the manufacturers face different challenges in the country, we are up in this (study) to Identify the existing problems. Findings of the study suggest that the industry is on recession, facing with serrious challenges including inadequacy in production technology, foreign competitors pressure and … some suggestions are proposed to rectify the industry's problems, most important of which are to develop a society of the country's consumer electronic industries consisting a few existing societies in a form of a proactive non-state institute to help providing direction and market information and technology to the industry.

The physical resources of the firms are replaceable whenever they are damaged. However, the human resources by their nature are not capable of being substitutable if they are suffered as a result of some work-related accidents. Hence, the human capital in a safe workplace has been a matter of real concern with the aim of eliminating or reducing work-related accidents. The results of the study show that, despite the authoritie's attention and their emphasis, employees are not mach eager to follow the safety recommendations enabling them avoid the likely work-related accidents. The study is to examine the likely correlation between the compliance with safety recommendations, and work-related accidents in the research population restrict. In order to find out some measures to reduce work-related accidents, the literature of the research subject, i.e. the industrial safety and security is reviewed in brief, followed by sampling a 46 out of 215-member statistical population. Under the research method adopted for the study, data and information is then collected by referring to reports and documents. Moreover, within the structures of the field research and the desk research, the interview and questionnaire served in data collection tools. SPSS software is applied to analyze the correlation between the aforesaid variables. Results indeed indicate not any significant correlation between the research variables. A serious challenge arieas about the results of the study as to the safety recommendations being not turn in the setting surrounded the population studied. The other likely reason for the unexpected results of the study is that the safety considerations are not properly realized and/ or trained. The paper ends with summarizing the results, secompanied by some recommendations draws Iran the results of the study and the proposed directions for the future researchs.

Entrepreneurship is a new phenomenon in Iran and the research on this subject especially in women entrepreneurship is very limited. In most of the entrepreneurship researchs, access to suitable financial and information resources, a balance between business and family, and attraction of the other's confidence have been considered among the women entrepreneur's problems and obstacles in starting the businesses up.In order to capture a general knowledge of Iranian educated entrepreneur women and their businesses and the influencing factors on starting new entrepreneurial businesses successfully, a large scale national study is conducted in academic educated entrepreneual women common unity using a questionnaire desinned for this purpose and improved by entrepreneurship experts views and a pilot suty. This article presents a part of the results about characteristics of Iranian women businesses and their problems in starting the businesses up. The results point out that in spite of the fact that one third of Iranian women businesses are in education, research and advisory services but, half of women working population are in industrial production and related services including transportation, packaging and advertising. Moreover, the most important problems of the Iranian academic educated women entrepreneurs are the preventive regulations, administrative bureuulvacy, getting patents, and developing financial resources bureaucratic procedures, The role conflicts, managing businesses and gender-based discripmination which are refered to in the literature as the major problems of women businesses, were not found in the study to be a serious restriction for academic educated women entrepreneurs.

Nowadays improvement of productivity along with investment in IT is the most important goal of organizations. But at same time productivity statistics shown no improvement but rather a slow growth and that is itself has caused a paradox, namely "IT productivity paradox". This paradox has led the experts to question the productivity of IT seriously. The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between IT investment increase and growth of productivity in organizations. Also providing a model for IT productivity improvement and identigy complementary of organizational activities regarding IT are of later concern in this study. The main hypothesis in this study is, "introducing IT into an organization will change the applied technology in that organization (with accordance to Leavitt and Scott model). And if we consider organizations as an open system the effectiveness of IT investment require changes on organizational variables such as personnel, goals/duties and structure simultaneously". In this study the above variables are named IT complementarities. The statistical population is Housing and Urban Development Organizations of Provinces and samples are chosen in an accidental fashion. Survey data are obtained from questionnaire and productivity figures are collected from related organizational documents. Statistical test applied in this study are: one way variance analysis also Spearman's correlation coefficient is applied for hypotheses testing and Freedman test is used for IT complementarities ranking.The finding of this study shows that measured productivity in organizations that invested on IT and simultaneously on organizational complementarities of IT such as IT Business alignment, reengineering of process, restructuring, human resource training, delegation of authorities, establishing free flow of information and integrated information systems was higher compared with other organizations.

The IRI government in recent years has developed and implemented a particular measure titled "clients honour in public sector" based on valued principles and the scientific outcomes of "demoncracy" and customer-orientation". The measure's imprementatin has brought about many achievements. However, lacking right procedures to measure and evaluate its degree of effectiveness resulted in some drawbacks. The study is conducted to introduce and apply the gap analysis model or serqual in measuring the effectiveness of clients honour in public sector. for this purpose, first some three questionnaires were developed to measure the effectiveness of the clients honour program, following a study on the theoretical principles of assessing service quality as well as clients honour program in public sector. Questionnaires were improved taking into account, the experts points of view, and the validity was tested. The proposed model was utilized at subseribers unit of the Yazd state telecommunication office and the questionnaires were handed out among some 305 clients and the entire staff of the subscribers unit and the data were collected. Nonparametric statistical measures such as Mann-Whimey and Willcoxon and Friedman were used to analyze the colleted data. The study found that there is significant difference between client Perceptins and expectations in all 5 dimensions of client satisfaction. In other words Customer Affairs of Yazd Telecommunication Co has not satisfied its clients in any of quality dimension. And also there is significant difference between client expectations and employee's perceptions only in the empathy. This means that employees perceive clients in Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness and Assurance dimensions. Finally there is significant difference between the extents of dimension's effects on clients satistaction, so decision makers should plan their programmes for improving client satisfaction degree based on importance of each dimension. These results show that application of Gap Analysis Model is a proper tool for measuring the degree of client satisfaction and decreasing the weaknesses of CSM. Finally for decreasing these differences some suggestions are presented.

The purpose of the study is a comparative review of the role played by the country's cooperation fund from one hand, and the banking system from the other hand in financing manufacturing cooperative firms for their foundation and opening-up expenditures, and to finance their working capital and development plans. providing employment opportunities in cooperation sector, is among the legitimate expectations from credits provided by cooperation fund. The results of the study show the role played by the banking system in financing working capital requirements for the manufacturing cooperation firms and their development efforts, his more than the same role played by the country's cooperation fund. Though the role of the cooperation fund in financing the foundation of the manufacturing cooperation firms and their opening-up is more than the same role played by the banking system, however the difference was found not to be significant. The results show that relative to the cooperation fund, the credits provided by the banking system to the manufacturing cooperation firms for their foundation and opening-up, have been more effective in providing the employment opportunities based on physibility study. Nevertheless, none of the two financial institutions eredits, fulfilled the employment objectives based on the physibility studies. A survey on experts shows that the cooperation fund, compared to the banking system is subject to some strengths and weaknesses and is facing with some opportunities and threats. However it is possible to develop hopes with the future of cooperation fund considering structural reforms.

Organizations reasponsiveness is accomplished through reports on performance appraisals or operational audits. Evaluating organization's efficiency is one of the important parts of the organizations appraisal performance. Since the evaluation of Bank's efficiency in its branches is completed using different models with the help of some intervening variables and ratios, therefore hence the selection of effective variables and ratios are of high importance in the evaluation of bank branches efficiency. To identigy the effective variables in the evaluation of bank branche's efficiency, experts in Sepah bank are asked using a questionnaire. The results of a two-stage Delphi approached opinion-seaking show show 18 variables out of 26 to be of high importance in measuring bank's branches efficiency. Opinion-seaking on the 13 bank's ratios for the bank's branche's measurement of efficiency shows 4 ratios with more importance. These four ratios coefficiency were obtained using AHP. Hence, if the results obtained from the application of different methods are different, selection of an appropriate method will gain importance. The result of two time questionnaires by Delphi approach indicates that 18 out of the 24 variables are essential for evaluation of the efficiency bank branch, 4 out of the 13 financial ratios being crucial for efficiency evaluation of the bank branch. So four financial ratios coefficient were determined by AHP approach.

In a knowledge- based economy, products and companies live and die on information and the most successful companies are the ones who use their intangible assets better and faster. Researches have indicated that unlike the decreasing returns of traditional resources such as land, money, machinery etc. knowledge is really a resource to improve business performance. From a strategic perspective, intellectual capital (IC) is now a days used to create and enhance the organizational value, and the organization's success is linked to its ability to manage this scarce resource. This major capability relative to the other organizations might leads to a "sustainable competitive advantage" for the organization. Thus, the objective of this article is discussing on the role of intellectual capital in competitive advantage. The method of this research was descriptive and analytical. The study population, consists of supervisors, general managers and top managers. The results of this research indicate there is a significant positive relationship between elements of intellectual capital in the two studied companies. Also, their intellectual capital impacted on their competitive advantage directly.

Due to the influence of information and communication technology and internet on commercial and operational processes, they are necessary for all companies for direct competition. E-marketing is one of ICI's outcomes that can use IT and internet for marketing purposes. Thus, internet is the most influencial marketing tool with global cover which can facilitate company's access to the global markets. Whereas, there are some problems in export and in international markets related to marketing issues. It seems that the use of internet in different marketing activities can influence the results of companie's activities in the export. Therefore, this research was aimed to respond to this question: Is there any relation between use of internet in marketing activities and export performance?, By presentation of conceptual model, this relation was tested for e-marketing and export performance in the exemplary exporter companies. The results of investigation indicated that there is positive relation between use of internet in marketing activities and company's activities in export markets. Positive and significant relation were observed for the triple dimensions of e-marketing; that is, the use of internet in marketing activities related to the customers, distribution canals and marketing researches for export performance. Therefore, export growth and profitability of export entrance to new markets, improvement of market's share and building positive view about company's products, services and brand were confirmed in the international marketing.