پژوهشنامه علوم انسانی و اجتماعی
پیاپی 4 (بهار 1381)

In order to estimate the house demand function in Sari, the center of Mazandaran Province, Hedonic Model was used. Based on Hedonic Model, it was assumed that the price of a house is a function of different physical, local and environmental characteristics. The most important of these characteristics are land area, construction area, number of rooms, distance from the main street and distance from the city center respectively. Then, the demand functions for each of these characteristics were estimated in terms of the household income, average household education, household dimension, age of the household head, price of the construction, area of the land, number of rooms, distance from the main street and distance from the city center. Cross-sectional data collected from a sample of 243 households in Sari was used for the estimation.

This paper reports a survey about the employment of technical and vocational trainees in Mazandaran Province during the Second Socio- Economic Plan. The statistical population consisted of the technical and vocational trainees who were trained in 11 educational centers in 51 courses during 1374-1378. 777 people were randomly selected as sample. To collect the data, a special questionnaire was designed and administered. To anticipate the educational needs in the Third Plan, questionnaires were provided for specialists, trainers and employers. The results showed that 39% of the trainees found jobs. 19% of them found jobs related to and 20% unrelated to their certificates. Also, the percentage of men who were employed was higher than women. The trainees who were trained in repairing black-and-white televisions stood a higher chance of finding a job compared to those trained in other courses. Finally, those who were trained in Sari Center had a better chance to find jobs related to their certificates.

Inflation became one of the most important economic problems in the 1970’s. Governments’ efforts to achieve a high economic growth rate was accompanied by high inflation rate. Moreover, exchange rate, more than before, seemed to be a key factor and an important element in economic policies. Furthermore, the degree to which fluctuations of exchange rate influence inflation and how the fluctuations are influenced became a common economic issue. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between exchange rate and inflation. The aim of this article is to investigate the rise in inflation of exchange rate and its magnitude. The following research hypotheses were designed for this (1) Exchange rate flactuations have inflation raising impacts. (2) Inflation results in fluctuations in exchange rate. (3) The magnitude of the effect of exchange rate on inflation vary with respect to different price indices. As far as the Iranian economy is concerned, these hypotheses were tested for the period 1338 until 1378 by using statistical and econometric methods, an appropriate model and two scenarios, one with the yearly time series data and the other monthly time series data. All variables, monthly or yearly were evaluated in Rial, and the data were gathered from Plan and Budget Organization and the bulletins of the Iranian central bank (Bank-e - Markazi).The study was conducted through library research method. The results showed that market exchange rate has positive influence on inflation, but its magnitude varies with respect to different price indices. Moreover, inflation resulted from imported goods, has positive impacts on exchange rate, but domestic inflation has influence on exchange rate only when the rate is high. Finally, based on the obtained results some suggestions were made.

As far as economic-financial issues are concerned, inflation is a phenomenon that has attracted the attention of many economists and scholars in recent decades. This article examines the relationship between the whole – sale price indexes of merchandise and the formal stock rates of firms, i.e. whether there exists a meaningful dependency between inflation and stock price and whether the stock can effectively function as an anti-inflation factor. Also, the impact of inflation on the stock price of 18 industrial centers was studied to determine the stock of which industry is in more coordination with the emerging inflation.To identify the type of dependency between the whole-sale price and the stock price, regression analysis was used. The whole-sale indexes were considered as the independent variable (X) and the stock price indexes of the 18 industries (y1,y2,...,y18) as the dependent variable. To render the regression analyses meaningful, a T-test measure was justifiably applied and to show the scale of correlations among the variables, a correlation coefficient (R) was worked out. Having the regression and other statistical indices calculated, the equations attained were detected via Durbin – Watson’s Test (D-W).The statistical data regarding the total stock price index, the stock price index of the 18 industries and the whole-sale price index are concerned with the period, 1369 until the end of Shahrivar, 1377. The research findings show that there exists a direct and positive correlation between the whole-sale price index of merchandise and the total stock price, but this correlation is not radically biased to any of the components highlighted above.On the other hand, the results indicate that inflation exercises no considerable effect on the stock price of the validated companies. It is worth mentioning that the correlation between the whole-sale indices of merchandise and the stock price indices of most industrial centers is direct and positive, but its intensity is quite different depending on the type of the industry. This, in fact, suggests that there is a strong relationship between inflation and the stock price of the industries in question.

With the increase in competition in recent decades, company managers have focused their attention on various targets such as securing stable profit, increasing or keeping the minimum share in markets, diversifying products, stablizing prices and tens of other targets which sometimes conflict with one another. Considering the diversity of targets in real conditions, linear programming which essentially takes one target or criterion into account, cannot be an appropriate means for programming in such conditions. In other words, in aggregate production planning, in addition to the allocation of optimal limited resources, we should act in a way that various and even conflicting targets can be met.Goal programming models show the way to simultaneous movements towards several goals, even the conflicting ones. Therefore, in the real conditions of systems planning, we can make use of goal programming as an effective tool in operational systems planning. In this article, goal programming and reasons for its use are explained and then a goal programming model for the optimization of production planning with respect to resources, facilities and limitations of the company under study is designed so that the company may reach its various goals as far as possible.

There are various and conflicting views concerning the independence of the central bank in different countries. While some economists, especially in developed countries, consider it a basic condition for the optimum macroeconomic performance and a prerequisite in cases such as joining the European monetary union (and Euro), others are doubtful about the benefits of central banks independence.The purpose of the present paper is to use data from 45 developing countries (including the Islamic Republic of Iran) for the period 1990- 1998 to find out new evidence on the relationship between the degree of the central bank independence (legal index) and the macroeconomic performance of these countries.The results of this research confirm that the independence of the central bank can reduce inflation rate as well as budget deficit and inflation tax while increasing output and economic growth in developing countries. Therefore, in order to improve the macroeconomic performance in these countries, it is suggested that developing countries consider the subject of the central bank independence more seriously.