فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 6 (زمستان 1387)

Various sciences, with regard to their basics and purpose, have taken different approach about human being. The mysticism deals with human as an existence that has intrinsically dignity. The base of this inherent dignity. Mith be found in the believe that a mystic regard death and life as this form of an almighty truth that is human soul and that soul because of attribution to the divide soul, have inherent dignity. So all of them are equal in this respect. In fact, when the dead people have dignity, the live people, regardless of their religion, faith, color and race, have inherent dignity. Although Ebn Arabic discussed this matter in his other works, in text about soul dignity with remixed the live respect to death people, and tries to represent an explanation about this approach.

There are many verses in holy Quran in concern with human and the creation of him according to God`s will. This subject has also been pointed out in times by Moulawi in his work "Masnawi" as well as in Nezami Ganjavi`s works.In fact, man has been created to associate with his mates in order to lead a social life. Without such association one could not survive, that is the reason why man is entitled "Ensan".Moreover, man is integrated with all inward and outward, material and spiritual, and terrestrial and celestial powers. Any features or characters attributed to one are naturally regarded to be shared by all human.Most of the terms used in literature dealing with human`s closeness to Fact and Justice are extracted from holy Quran. Hence, the more one can adapt himself to the God`s features recommended in holy Quran the more he can gain proximity to God.

Religious ideas and believes have an important influence on human life. The researches related to history of science have confirmed this steady impact on medicine. Since in ancient of Iran the health was a divine gift and reversely every suffering was due to devil, any activity in preserving personal healthy was one of the most importance duties of human kind. These believe have continued in Islamic medicine which supposes mankind as the best creature and his body as the most valuable body. In this article we point out to religious ideas and believe in Iranian’s ancient medicine and its impact on later Islamic medicine.

The most modern techniques in biotechnology owe their existence to the discovery of DNA cloning and the genetic manipulation of organisms. However Biotechnology is not new science. In fact, many applications represent old practices with new methodologies. Human have been used organisms for their benefit in many processes for several thousand years. Therefore, one way of thinking about biotechnology is to consider two categories of activities: those that are traditional and familiar and those that are relatively new. Study of ethical and social concern in these categories makes this clear that there are many unanswered questions in this fields that requires caution regarding to public using of this technologies.Genetic manipulation (GM) especially cloning is a wonderful advancement in technology and knowledge. However, Professional and scientific societies should make clear that any attempt to create a child by somatic cell nuclear transfer and implantation into a woman's body would be at this time an irresponsible, unethical, and unprofessional act. The environmental safety aspects of GM crops vary considerably according to local conditions. Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM foods.

Dealing with the spiritual needs of patients has been recognized as an essential part of the holistic care in nursing. Spirituality is defined as an aspect of human beings gives them a feeling of being with such qualities as nature, capacity for internal knowledge, imagination of the sacred, transcendence to love and to find a meaning for existence.Also, it is recognized as a set of values, insights and hopes that are associated with the transcendent existence and guides the life of the individual. Life events are unique occurrences and cause spiritual responses Meanwhile, spiritual events can be regarded as opportunities for nurses to be regard as proved spiritual care. During the disease process, nurses are easily accepted in the private real of the patients.So, they can easily deal with the spiritual issues. Thus, in this research we tried to explain the role of spirituality in nursing are for hospitalize patients.

Clinical medicine is along with more ethical challenges or conflicts. Despite availability medical ethics consultations 95% of physicians are challenged with ethical conflict. The majority of physicians not only, no experience of a hospital ethics committee (H.E.C) and have not tendency the utilization of ethics consultation, lack of criteria for the determine the best individual for this action and uncertainty clinicians to their qualification. The purpose of this article, reviews core principle relevant to the practice of clinical medical ethic and describes models for conducting hospital based ethics consultations and the contribution of bioethics committees to high quality practice patient care in ICU. Family problems can cause lack of effective communication with the physicians in ICU. One of the attempts medical ethics committees, help resolving ethical conflicts in ICU. Improved communication can reduce conflict and increase patient and family and team care satisfaction. Suggestion for improved communication between patient and family and members of team care and resolution of conflict are seven step-approach include of prepare for the discussion, establish what the patient and family knows, determine how information is to be handled, deliver the information, respond to emotions, establish goals for care and treatment priorities, establish a plan care. Barriers the utilization of ethics consultations are lack of autonomy for the patient and team care. due to, duty of ethics consultations should develop open dialogue between physician and patient until deliver correct information to patient and misunderstand prevented. One of the benefits model ethics consultations is satisfaction in resolving ethical conflicts that as opposed, authoritarian model, individual thoughtful and medical decision-making not imposed. Hospital ethics committees possess with specific skills can resolve conflicts and cause improve clinical outcomes and increase patient satisfaction.