فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1381)

The present essay intend to intoduce some vital established economic models of social welfare as welfare criticize and evaluate their capability and their explicative nature. The cotent is totally theoretical and therefore the evaluation will be done through hypothetical and abstract values and criteria. Particularly the essay tries to go beyond exact socio - economic welfare models and to find the political economy aspacte of the model and to test of they are applicable and reasonable in terms of human being essential wants in an hypothetical society. The challenge of market was as planning system as well as the problem of income redistreibution will be analysed in this study. I found it quite necessary to introduce and compare these models with purely critical approach, because many prejudgments prevail vail among Iranian Economists in this field. Extremist rights, neo liberal and neo conservative for more than 12 years engaged all universities and in reality did not allow for the discussion about real nature of the market mechanism and its shortcoming in social welfare. In this paper I have discussed and compared Pareto model and Dobb and Vandegrafs critic to Pareto. Then I have introduced and analysed Kaldor - Hicks model and contradictory nature. In the third section Scitovsky’s theory and Kuznets critic to this theory is introduced. Pigow principle on welfare then is introduced and later Pache and Laspyers ideas are utilized in order to find the proper background for testing the discussed models. Finally Mishra-Dobb model is introduced and actually is depended in his essay. Introduction of more development discussion in do fence of the necessity of more equal income distribution and an effective welfare state be meanwhile a quite participatory democratic government as well as responsible for socio-economic development.

Globalization effects on social security systems and on social expenditures in different countries will be analyzed in this chapter. Our consentration is yet on Anglo-Saxon countries. But it is assumed that many offer countries are under the same pressure of globalization on their social security expenses as the Anglo-Saxon countries. This will be examined later in another chapter. In previous discussion we tried to show that the defensive line encounting poverty and dependency, which was built by Keynesian welfare state will be collapsed by globalization pressure. In this chapter professor Ramesh Mishra views the experiences and challenges of the globalization trend wife a critical approach. According to his analysis and results fee present trend of the globalization according to the experiences as well as reasons bring about nothing but more poverty, unemployment as well as collapse on the social security systems in various societies.

Crime and deviance comprises those actions which are deemed so damaging to tile interests of he community that the state determines that it must take a direct role in identifying and acting against the criminal and deviant. When we consider the prevention of crime, we are looking at a set of event joined only in their proscription by statute. The view that society must by radically changed for crime control to occur may also be found among some practitioners within criminal justice, but there it has coexisted with the more popular rival that the greatest prevention possibitilies lie in changing the hearts and minds of established or potential offenders by control or reform. All foeories of crime are also foeories of crime prevention. specific primary prevention measures would continue to by applied as tiiey became available. By foe analysis of fast changes in crime rates, numerous crime prevention successes would have been identified, common lessons learned, and the morale of crime preventers enhanced.

This round table was held as part of a series of academic sessions which have been organized by the social welfare research group in the university of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation. These round tables aim to address different social problems in Iran. Academics from different disciplines as sociology, psychiatry, social sciences, economics, planning and programming and also practitioners from government organizations and non-governmental organizations were among the participants. At the beginning, different definitions of thi's vulnerable group of children were discussed as "street children”, “children on streets", “children of streets”, and “children at risk”. Then, each of the participants mentioned her/his experience of dealing with this social problem. At the end, after discussing the different aspects of this social problem and its short-term and long-term consequences to society, some recommendations were made which showed the consensus of participants on he importance of a better understanding of this phenomenon and also the necessity of taking an appropriate action to help this group of children and to prevent the additional problems which are associated with being a street children. What is clear is that they exist, and unless we choose to ignore their plight, we can do something for these children The necessity of conducting relevant research projects on this matter was emphasized by all of participants.

It has been a crucial decision for a huge number of Iranian living in homeland, to emigrate or not to West European countries as well as, USA, Canada and Australia even any other countrien. For his decision many motivation have played important roles. Some people emigrated because of special risks and dangers they felt they would be faced if they stayed home. While many others decision have been due to their eagerness for business and making more money. Other young people emigrate because of access to higher education and more knowledge and technology (however for a considerable share of them it have only been important to get a valuable degree). Meanwhile an expanded group move because they felt they have not enough personal and social freedom of expression as well as political activities and other similar cases. In this essay Iranian emigrants in Canada are classified based on their main motive and their present situation in the host country. The analysis of the socio - economic situation of these migrants show that they have not been as successful and satisfied as many other emigrant nationalities, although they have been in higher level with respect to some other nationalities. The essay’s conclusion in that Iranian emigrants have proud to be very capable, but because of foe lack of enough information they have faced with various difficulties in the primary period of residency in Canada. Many of these group could not improve their case, particularly from cultural and psychological point of view, for many years.