فصلنامه مطالعات پیشگیری از جرم
پیاپی 10 (بهار 1388)

Peace and Security in the society is considered as goal and base since one of the government's aim is to provide peace and security in the society. On the other hand, this goal is also a base for accessing to the other goals of human communities. In the recent decades, governments have found that prevention is better than cure in criminal issues as the same as medical issues. Crime prevention has two Public and Private. Public way means types which are generally effective in crime reduction (regardless of its type). As far as private method is concerned, it refers to a specific- type of crime. The author deals with the public types of crime prevention and is of the opinion that to this end the public policy of society and social criminal policy must be revised. Social law- abiding and evolution in the cultural and economic policies are those in need of public policy of society which can be referred to. In addition, as one of the criminal policy instances of country, one can refer to public education, reform of prison system and finally establishment of High Council of Criminal Policy.

Criminal policy is a set of measure taken by the community, both government and people against the criminal issue. A part of these measures refers to the status prevention measures seeking to limit the opportunities and crime-prone situations and making difficult of realization of criminal mind. One of these strategies is Safeguarding and protecting against the criminal targets. The community has not been completely successful in diverting the people's minds from delinquency and social prevention. Therefore, one must proceed with the set up barriers after the realization of criminal mind. One of the ways which make the transitional level from thought to practice difficult is the safeguarding enhancement against criminal targets. In this article, some of the safeguarding ways against targets such as physical protection, electronic protection, targets and legal protection of people at risk of crime in the line of preventing the crimes against them is discussed.

Research process of crime prevention and delinquency through implementation of programs or by using the traditional criminal justice measures (based on the punishment or rehabilitation) is always an issue at hand. The main question is how one can realize or facilitate this process, so we may expect in result that the delinquent who is subject to above- mention measures or programs doesnt recommit crime. The Classical criminal justice approach emphasizes on the using emotions such as fear in the realization of intimidation, justice for punishment or thinking for rehabilitation. But, the restorative justice approach emphasizes on the shame and its fundamental role in the recidivism prevention. While elaborating the nature of shame and its differences with the similar concepts, in this article its implications on the criminal policy making and its standing in the restorative justice and its program is discussed.

Under the implication of globalization and its consequences, new opportunities has come up for the delinquents and new types of delinquency have developed which is considered as a threat to peace, security, establishment and sustainable development of human community. The evolution of delinquency forms and criminal treats specially transnational organized crimes and financial corruption requires the improvement of international cooperation and the intensifying the criminal system intervention at the national and transnational level and confronting against the crime. To this end, along with the punishing approach to the crime, it is necessary to use the criminological findings and achievements for the reduction of duty of criminal justice. According to the idea of globalization and concepts of criminology, the UN Convention against the transnational organized crime (Palermo 2000) and the UN Convention for combating Corruption (Mirada 2003) and also considering the criminological learning, have emphasized on the comprehensive and multilateral view to the international modern delinquencies. Criminological survey of these conventions as international tools having the criminal nature reveals that under the pluralismof responses to the crime for reduction of duty of criminal justice, criminological lessons and achievements has clear and effective to these conventions and the achievement of preventive criminology specially in the frame of taking social prevention measures has crystallized in the articles of these conventions. Governments commit to provide the implementation and development of these conventions achievements an relation with prevention of transnational organized crimes and financial and administrative corruption.

Public advertisement or crime prevention advertisement is one of the police tools for enhancement of preventive disciplinary measures and is used by various types in different countries. According to the several studiespure implementation of preventive disciplinary measures taken by police has a limited effect on prevention, if police implements public advertisement along with preventive measures to transfer the society, the implication of preventive measures of police has intensified and covers wide range of people. For the purpose of effective preventive advertisement, it is necessary to define the audiences well. In addition, at the time of designing it, time and location of seeing the advertisement by the audiences is taken into account. The targeting community must be well defined and message must distribute in the small geographical district and target the certain crime as each of the audiences, by seeing considers themselves as the objective example of it.

Strategies in Crime PreventionAbstract: This article intends to introduce the different policing models existing in the crime prevention in the different countries and redefine the different strategies among these various models. Generally, one can categorize different policing models into traditional and modern groups. While governing the traditional policing over the policing organization of countries for a long time, the different modern policing models including a) community policing model; b) crime-prone area policing; and c) problem-solving policing havebeen focused by some of the police organizations and / or for the improvement of the preventive and controlling function of these organizations. The result of this survey shows that there are many differences between current and using strategies in each of four policing models either traditional or modern ones that can be summarized as follow: strategies such as increasing the number of police stations, random patrol throughout the areas, rapid response to the help request of citizens, policing inspection in the area, arrest and precise implementation of laws are considered as the measures and strategies related to the traditional policing models. But the main strategies of the community policing include the expansion to the interactive level of police with people, attraction of participation of all parts of the society in the implementing the police missions and necessity of improvement of police officers with people. The crime-prone area policing emphasizes on this issue that police must identify the certain district of its jurisdiction where crime commits often, then allocates its resources to those districts to control and prevent the crimes and accordingly, considers its strategies covering the increasing the disciplinary patrols in the crime-prone areas, focusing the serious criminals. Finally, problem-solving policing refer to requirement of the exact and through identification of the issue and then taking appropriate measure fit to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the issue as its two main strategies in the crime prevention and control.

The issue of victimization in school is one of the main issues in all countries including the US. This matter is against the main function of schools as the training and safe environment. However, although schools are considered safer place than streets for the children and adolescents, the manner in which the reduction of the rate of student's victimization and preventive ways must always be taken into account. In this article, while trying out for elaboration of rate of Children and adolescent's victimization at the US schools, deals with the most crucial signs and symptoms of such type of victimization as well as all types of measures and responses given to it.