نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال بیستم شماره 6 (تابستان 1389)

Judgment and jurisdiction have been reckoned as one of the most important issues in human society. Also, in Iran at different periods, whether pre-Islamic or Islamic period, judgment was considered as the most important governmental affairs, so that the king was at the head of judicial affairs and he was the one who entrust this judicial power to judges, and sultan's secretary judges were considered his lieutenant in this affair. In addition, the command of sultan besides religious instructions and common law was one of the bases of judgment. During Timurid region, there was the same position. In this period, judgment was the important function of kings so that the sultan, himself as the highest judicial authority at the law court handled the trials, the highest positions of judgment were appointed by him and his order and command was effective in appointment, changing, and reduction of punishments in judicial courts. In this period, judges did the act of judging based on Islamic religious law, common law, and king’s command. Yasa of Chinggis was one of the important bases of common law judgment until 815 A H, when it was nullified by Shah Rukh and it became the most important change which occurred in the policy of this period. The aim of the author of this article is to study the judicial basis of Timurid period and, to investigate judicial policy of some of the kings in this period like, Shah Rukh, Ulug Beg, Abu Sa’id, and Sultan Husayn Bayqarah, with a descriptive - analytical approach relying on librarian recourses and available documents.

Contemporary with Mongols invasion٫the coasts of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea were under authority and government of Atabaks and local masters. By accepting Yesavoli٫ paying tax٫and holding peaceful policy, Atabaks prevented the southern lands of Iran from being occupied by Mongols. This policy helped the process of commercial growth and development of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea islands. At the same time, islands and coasts of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea experienced a great displacement in the importance of their economic centers. According to this٫ and considering the collapse of former trade and commercial centers٫ new centers of commercial search and trade came to exist in the region. Development of new economic powers٫ authority of Iranian masters on the vital trade lands in the south of Hormoz strait٫ stableness and immunity in commercial route and financial situation of merchants caused the economy of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea to experience a glorious period in spite of a collapse in some parts of its traditional commercial centers.

Timur gathered scholars and craftsmen from Iran, Anatolia, Shamat and Iraq during his conquests and transferred them to Samarkand. Thus Samarkand and Herat became the scientific and artistic centers in Timurid period and many scientists and craftsmen get together in these cities. With expansion of cultural relations between Iran and Anatolia, some scientists and craftsmen emigrate to Ottoman. Ottoman Sultan's patronage of Iranian immigrants and the anarchy in domestic situation of Iran after Ulug Beg which caused the lack of material and spiritual patronage of Timurid rulers of scientists and craftsmen had important role in this emigration. Although this emigration had been already started from Iran to Anatolia, this problem continued in Timurid period quickly. In this paper, we try to investigate the trends of emigration of Iranian craftsmen and their roles in transferring from Timurid culture and art to Ottoman. Finally, the effects of these emigrants will be considered in development and promotion of Istanbul’s art.

Following the construction of Jaghataid Ulus in Transoxiana and then Ilkhanids rule in Iran, a new era of foreign policy was begun in eastern boarders of Iran. These two neighbor realm have a challengeable relationship because of their different concerns and priorities. Ilkhans of Iran were mostly intended for a peaceful situation in their eastern frontiers, while Jaghataid insistence on hostility with Ilkhand outbreaks between two governments. Many regional and international factors had affected their relations and caused to continue their enmity for about a century. Present survey is going to recognize and categorized them.

The aim of this article is to study the role and impact of the democratic party of Iran on women's political participation during the years 1941 to 1953. The results obtained by means of the descriptive-analytic method show that the Democratic Party has had a twofold and contradictory role in women's political participation. On the one hand a number of intellectuals of this party were supportive of women's movements demands and this along with the application of extensive facilities of the party for necessary cultural and social establishments for political participation in general lead to promotion of the culture of women's political activities and from there to an increase in women's political participation. On the other hand the Democratic Party, as a state party, ignoring the active role of defiant women in women's movement as well as stimulating the hostility of narrow minded religious groups caused a double effect of their and other people's sensitivity and pessimism towards women's issues. This double role has been shown in three continuous parts of the present article. In the first part, women's political rights from the viewpoint of the democratic party has been studied in order to show that, in principle this party is documented to creed and charter as well as party procedures whether political or ideological regarding women's political rights. In the second part, the positive role of the Democratic Party in women's participation in political affairs has been discussed. The third part is devoted to inhibitory role of the party in the development of women's political participation and in the concluding part the reason for this twofold role with reference to the governmental quality of the Democratic Party has been studied.

In three decades after the 1953 coup d'état of August 19, Pahlavi regime encountered opposite ideology which attracted huge people especially young generation. This ideology which had been resulted from Marxism ideology system appeared in Tudeh Party of Iran and Fadaeyan Khalgh Partisans Organization of Iran. Tudeh Party which had started its activity since 1940s led traditional leftist party and Fadaeyan Khalgh Partisans who were Radical Leftist had started its activity since 1960s. This duality was resulted from conflict of insight and behavior of Leftists who interpreted and defined political system of Iran in unique structure but in different perspectives. Although the interpretation basis of these parties were based on Marxism and Leninism ideologies but the theoretical structure of Radical Leftists had been combined with new views which was separated from traditional Leftist and in this order they were thinking and acting differently against political, economical and social acts of regime.This article intends to present an interpretation of ideology of Tudeh Party and Fadaeyan Khalgh Partisans Organization about political, economical and social nature of Pahlavi regime in three decades until 1970s when they tried to expand their fights.

Chronic financial difficulties and deficit of the Qajar state were neither covered nor deniable as the nation had to bear its burden in many various ways. To solve the problem, the first Majlis (the legislative body established in the Constitutional Revolution) approved reform laws including land tax and abolition of tuyul (assigned land) in Safar 1325 A.H./March 1907. Being focused on the ratification and the laws themselves, scholars have touched armed opposition of some assignees under the banner of royalist against the constitution. Concern of the present work is the enforcement of the new regulation which is an unknown aspect of the reform. It, studing application of the laws in the case of the Caspian province of Māzandarān, intends to examine obstacles to the reforms as well as to assess the achievement of the Majlis.