مجله جستار های زبانی
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 7، پاییز 1390)

Expressing the Gnostic experiences and learnings through symbolic narrative texts have a long background. These texts due to exploiting the effective instrument for transferring the addressee from reality to objectivity and the narrator's mind guidance in the glorification manner provide the necessities of his/her transformation for separating from experiential ego and achieving the ideological world. In this way, Ghazzali's Resalato- Teir and Attar's Manteqo- Teir are two complete narrations with a masterful processing, which were written by a symbolic approach, which is indeed, a type of Gnostic epic that describes the heartfelt thought move in the form of adventurousness movement. In spite of the difference in the structure of both narrations such as: special attention of Attar to exploiting the intermediate narrations, using the primitive headings, explaining events and bringing on the stage the multilateral characters; consideration of Ghazzali to the joined narrative line, describing the unknown heroes and considering the maximum brevity in narration; the similarity cases of these two narrations are so important; as exploiting the viewpoint of “third person”, narrator as a whole wiseman and “travel” root in both narrations. Common feature is eventual distinction of travel; mobility, transformation and partnership of characters; and the indisputable governance of God (divine authority), which leads to the narrations having effective ability that is a solution of addressee's thought for moving from tangible to rational and determination to proof.

Since the earlier times, stories on prophets, miracles and their adventurous and instructive life have received special attention as effective elements in the literature domain, embellished literary works and attracted attention of huge number of readers. One of the most enticing, influential and noteworthy of these stories is on Jesus Christ. In the literature of the past, most of the poetical interpretations of him are more under the influence of Islamic point of view and less on Christian one, which in most part is in conflict with Islamic trend of thought on some significant issues. In the modern literature and specially the contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry, the Islamic interpretation of Jesus is encountered by a considerable Christian turn and some concepts like Jesu's sufferings, his crucification, his sacrifice for redeeming the human’s sins and his resurrection after death derived from Gospel find their way into poetical works. These concepts have been converted into mythical and symbolic ones in the Christian art and considerably aid poets in expression of internal anxieties, victimized nations’ suffering, cruelty of governors, cruel governments and so on. Adonis and Ahmad Shamloo are two modernist and experimentalist poets that some parts of their poetry are devoted to symbolic and mythological depiction of Jesus Christ. Relying on American school in comparative study, this comparative study attempts to investigate the motif of Jesus in Adonis and Shamloo’s poetry in a comparative manner and analyze some considerable issues in their poetry including Jesus’ Christian or Islamic aspects, the styles of these two in depicting him, their points of commonality and difference in Jesu's symbolic interpretations and success or failure of each in applying these symbols.

The importance of researches within the syntactic scope of different languages and dialects in scientific frameworks has specifically gained interest within the Optimality Theoretic Framework (OTE), within which the variety differences can be defined by differential rankings of the same set of constraints, and the concept of “Unity in Variety” in different linguistic domains is achieved. The present dialectological study is aimed to investigate the word order of declarative projections (including transitive, intransitive and clefting sentences) in Ateni/ Saravi dialect of Mazandarani language. To achieve the goals of the investigation, 27 dialectal declarative sentences are analyzed and represented by the usage of tableaus and diagrams throughout the paper. The analysis is performed by the aid of Grimshaw's (2001) left alignment constraints (Head Left, Specifier Left and Complement Left) as well as her (2001, 1997) obligatory element constraints (Obligatory Head and Obligatory Specifier). For the sake of determining the appearance and absence of subject in the projections studied in the dialectal data, the research applies Kohn's (2003) structural constraints including that of faithfulness (Full Interpretation, Parse) and markedness ones (Opearator-Specifier, No - Lexical Movement, Stay). Following Grimshaw (2001), the investigation of the concept of unity in variety has been followed throughout this study not only by the usage of alignment constraints but also by their number of violations; i.e. the variation lies only in which of the constraints to be violated, and the number of times it violates. In accordance, the present research demonstrates that the sameness of the number of elements in the dialectal projections results in the sameness of the total number of alignment violations that approves the unity in spite of superficial linguistic varities.

In this research, the two stories “Alavieh Khanoom” and “Haji Aqa” of Hedayat and the “Rotchyld Violin” and “Lady and Cute dog” of Chekhov have been analyzed and compared from the social satire viewpoint. The content of stories is corruption that has been depicted as humor and funny. A piece of characters is representative special class. There are special moral and personality similarities between the characters of the stories, (e.g. Haji Aqa and Yakof and also Lady Anna of Chekhov’s story and Alavieh Khanoom). But what differs in the work of authors, is in their attitude. Chekhov criticizes with tone of hopefully, while despair is seen in the Hedayat’s stories to superfluity. The important notable topics in the works of these authors include: social problems, injustice, and existence corruption between the various levels of society and sympathy with the people, all of which have been represented with biting satire and make the audience to express sympathy. The purpose of the study is to find out the commonalties and compare the authors in the method the pay to social satire.

Comparative literature pays attention to the study of literature confluence literature in various languages and its complex relationship in the past and present as well as its historical relationships in term of effectiveness in the field of arts, literary schools, intellectual current issues and people. From this respect, comparing eastern oriented works with western ones as two opposite poles enjoys a particular importance. The present paper proposes the hypothesis that the play King Lear, a work of Shakespeare, is rooted in Iranian legends. After showing the possible relationship of King Lear with East, We has tried to compare the story of King Lear with several Iranian stories and myths such as Fereydoun myth, Indian GOl Bekavoli, devine story of Zatol Sour cast, story of tried, drunk Mirza and the story of king and his three daughters. By decreasing the King Lear to nine fundamental stories and comparing with them western samples, it was made clear that more than ninety percent of the King Lear stories are similar to the Iranian ones. Researches like this in the field of literature studies in modern Iran are not unprecedented. So as far as the authors know, no independent research on Shakespeare’s King Lear based on the above - mentioned hypothesis has so far been carried out.

The oldness of religiousness and literature, and their co-relation ascribe to the first steps of human being toward the reflections and inner contemplations. The contemporary literature is also involved in the representation of themes referring to belief, faith and ontological questions that create man’s point of view. The present article performs a comparative study of Kiss the Beautiful Face of God and Jean Barios. The man’s fundamental questions like faith, religion, unbelief, skepticism, existence of God, love, life and death are represented in a communal manner in two novels. Furthermore, the representation of anxiety, solitude, loneliness and homeless are included in the “religious situation” of the two stories that get to doubt, denial and at last to creed. Moreover, in spite of their different origins and their literary value, these two novels are really successful in representation of a theme like return to the significant as well as agreeable and meaningful roots of spiritual life. The likeable and symbolic end of these novels is among the pleasant themes of comparative literature that displays man’s common experiences, visions and points of view.

Julien Greimas, a French man with Lithuanian descent, has a great knowledge on semantics and narratives. Greimas, who is one of the highlighted European thinkers on the grounds of “Componential analysis” of semantics, has tried to present a coherent and systematic pattern for the study of narration and story. This article is based on the semiotics analysis of “Mahi seyah kochoolo” (Little black fish) story and it tries to review the semiotics phase of this discourse according to Greimas model of study.In this article, we examine the semiotics process of “Mahi seyah kochoolo” story in order to find a right answer to this question: “What are the main elements, which make meaning in the aforesaid story?” In other words, “What are the elements of meaning production in this story?” The aim of this article is to review the narrative features of this story in order to make clear that how a story will pass from itself to break the narrative restriction and cause narrative diversit.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the degree of using cognitive learning and strategies of learning by Iranian French Language Learners. Furthermore, it aimed at determining the effect of using cognitive strategies on learner autonomy. In doing so, a questionnaire of 12 questions was filled in by 38 post-graduate students of TMU. The frequency of utilization of cognitive strategies including summarizing, memorizing, guessing the meaning of words, repetition, extra-curricular practicing, learning through comparative reasoning, note taking, using mnemo techniques, paraphrasing, review and research is studied. The results of Freidman test showed that the difference between the mean ranks was significant, and the most frequent strategies were note-taking (76.3%), guessing the meaning (75.65%), and elaboration (71.71%). In general, the results showed that among the cognitive strategies, there was almost a correlation between documentary research and extra-curricular activities. There was also a positive correlation with autonomy(58%).