فصلنامه فقه و تاریخ تمدن
سال پنجم شماره 19 (بهار 1388)

Since the ancient times, there have been several ancient and archeological works and evidences which reveal the identity of our proud and honorary land.This paper is concerned with the study of the remained works and evidences from the ancient times in this territory. First of all, the author tries to show that this zone was once the rising place of the Achamanids and also the passage of Alexander of Maccadonia and the site of the serious and brave defence of its native people against the invasion of Alexander.The most precious archeological and ancient works and evidences of this area from the Achamanid era at Tangue Sarook or Soola are presented and the location of the ancient city of Ziz, which appeared in Farse Namah of Ibn Balkhi, is also introduced. The remains of the works and evidences belonging to the Ismaeilids at Cheram Town and the works and records of the Safavid period at Dehdasht city, as the capital of the Safavid, are shown. The appearance of pseudo Ismaeil Mirza and Pseudo Safi Mirza at Dehdasht and their temporary kingdoms in this city is also under consideration of the article.

Nezamiyyah of Baqdad during the Saljooqid Period and Rub’a of Rashidi in Tabriz during the Ilkhanid era were two Islamic scientific centers established by two of the greatest Islamic ministers in two different historical backgrounds and situations.This paper is concerned with the study of their similarities and dissimilarities, so that the nature of their educational and administrative systems are better and more accurately known, and so that an explanation of transformations and contextual movement of the Islamic educational system and its civilization is provided. The paper also seeks to make clear how these changes considering the time atmosphere of each of them before and after the Mongules’ invasion resulted in declining the Islamic caliphate system of government

Panegyrics is an important part of Persian poetry, which is of great significance in various aspects, that can be used as important cultural and historical documents and evidences for the studies of sociology and historical research.If all panegyrics of Persian literary history should be investigated and analyzed, and if all the characteristics attributed to various panegyrists are extracted, categorized and analyzed,a great deal of invaluable information is obtained.This paper is an attempt to explain the particularities of King Abbas I, and perhaps his contradictory characteristics in relation to Massih Kashani’s panegyrics eulogizing King abbas I of Safavi. It also proceeds to study and analyze the social, political, and historical values of panegyrists. The article is also intrested in revealing many secret realities of societies and the hidden corners of governments while bringing certain facts together such as lies and flatterings of panegyrists and court historians.

As science and industry developed more and more, man’s needs were transformed and completed. As a result, new problems arose so as religion should respond them.Islam is a religion in conformity with the time and place situations and with the living, moving practice of divine sciences (Ijtihad) of the Imamiyyah that is charged with the answers to various types of questions.The secondary and govermental injunctions have been forged based on expediency and policy-centered, so that the poltical thought and speculation of the religious government was fulfilled, and thus the religion became more powerful and efficient in the field of policy and international scopes. Expedience surveying and measuring is prior to all minor and elementary principles and continues its existence as long as its expediency possesses legal decree.This paper, dealing with the science of expedience in five Islamic schools, is an attempt to argue and discuss the strategy of expediency and policy for fulfilling and confirming the religious government.

There are certain professions and occupations needed badly by community in social life, including medicine, bakery, building, and so on, which are considered obligatory by Divine Laws to maintain order and arrangement in society.On the other hand, it is customary to charge payment for these services, whether objective or sufficient obligations while being forbidden. But we see that this fact is a concensus among all jurisprudents, that is, asking for payment in these obligatory practices is permissible.To justify this decree of jurisprudents on this quest, the great scholars have presented responses and justifications. This paper is an attempt to deal with the study and criticism of these reactions to answer the questions in this concern and to approach a better justification.

There have been decrees on wealth and properties throughout history, a part of which describes how these properties should be transferred and the factors which prevent from this transfer. In Articles 861,862, and 864, in addition to the way of transferring the property, in Articles 880 to 885 the elements and the factors that prohibit the transfer is numerated. Murder is one of the causes that Civic Law in Iran has considered a prohibited factor.Although scholars and jurisprudents do not agree on the prohibited factors on inheritance, murder is a cause that prohibits the transfer of the left properties to the murderer in most Islamic and non-Islamic countries. Perhaps, it is to prevent evil acts, such as the murder of the offerer of inheritance by an heir or an heiress due to the motivation of receiving a portion of the deceased man’s property.Accordingly, the intentional murder causes the prohibition of receiving inheritance.

Sedition is one of the most applied and important concepts, which appeared, according to suitable subjects and Quranic verses concepts in various Mecan and chapters (Suras). This term has assumed various explanations and interpretations with commentators and interpreters since early times.Some of the commentators and interpreters consider the term "sedition" or persecut synonymous to testing and examination. Some consider polytheism synonymous to it, and of profanity for it.This paper is interested in dealing with the recognition of its concept and meaning, real meaning of sedition or persecution. It seeks to prove that sedition from the Quranic process is applying horror and terror, and creating a suffocating, terrible and horrible atmosphere causing distress, stress, agitation, chaos, horrer and of terror and terror in society and provides a background of deviation of people to polytheism and blasphemy.The paper proceeds to conclude that the ultimate purpose of the Holy War is to stop an destroy such dangerous and horrible atmospheres and deviations and to create freedom security and health to turn people away from deviation and distortion towards real truth.