فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1390)

IntroductionRural development has various dimensions but it is particularly the development of the agricultural sector, which is widely believed to provide the main impetus not only for reducing poverty and hunger but also for ensuring food security for all. The various types of aquaculture form an important component within agricultural and farming systems development. Beside the important role of aquaculture in rural development, it also has an effective impact on exploitation of natural resources. Iran is an arid country, so aquaculture, can be an appropriate activity to use limited water resources. Sardasht County located in West-Azarbaijan is an area with rich water resources and has a good potential for aquaculture. Although this region includes rich water resources, but apart from that there are so many other factors which should be considered for locating the sites of aquaculture. Successful aquaculture activities are mostly depended on proper site locating specially in relation to the species which is intended to be cultured. The study area is a mountainous one which includes rich groundwater resources with low temperature that are suitable for rainbow trout farming. The present study attempts to assess the groundwater sources in study area for rainbow trout farming using Geographic Information Systems and Multi-criteria Decision Making. It is attempted to answer the questions such as the followings: 1) What are the main factors for suitable site-locating for rainbow trout farming raceways? 2) What is the importance of each factor for locating a site?3) What is the capability of groundwater sources for rainbow trout farming and which of them are more suitable ones and therefore should be preferred in future planning for aquaculture development? MethodologyThis research has been done with the main goal of "Suitability study of groundwater sources for rainbow trout farming in Sardasht County". The method of this research is an applied one in terms of objectives, is a field-study in terms of variable control degrees, and a descriptive survey in terms of data-collecting method. The required data were collected using field methods such as questionnaires, observations, interviews, and secondary data banks like books, journals, and maps. Population included experts in cold water fish site selection. The samples of the Population (25 persons) were selected using Snowball method. Several methods were used to analyze the data consisting: financial analysis criteria included Net present value; multi-criteria decision methods included Analytic hierarchy process, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. Data analysis was done using several software including: Expert Choice 2000, ArcGis 9.2, PCI Geomantic, and Microstation. This study conducted in 4 phases: 1) the literature of the subject was reviewed and the main factors of locating suitable sites for rainbow trout farming were introduced. Then the weight of each factor was determined by Analytic hierarchy process. 2) The factors according to their suitability for aquaculture were categorized in four ranges: unsuitable, moderately suitable, suitable, and completely suitable. 3) All data were geo-referenced in ArcGis 9.2 and required information layers obtained. 4) Final weights of the factors multiplied in layers and the final capability of each groundwater resource for aquaculture was obtained. Results This study achieved an evaluation model for suitability study of water resources for rainbow trout farming. Based on this suitability assessment model, all of the effective factors in site selection and locating for rainbow trout farming are divided in 4 main criteria including: ecological, economical, social, and infrastructures. Each of these criteria is divided in some main sub-criteria and secondary sub-criteria. All criteria divided in 4 main criteria, 13 main sub-criteria, and 18 secondary sub-criteria as follows: (1) ecological: water (water discharge, type of water source, water temperature, PH), landform (slope, elevation), landuse, distance to disasters (such as flood, earthquake, etc.), (2) economical: distance to market, financial profitability, access to labor, (3) social: job making, type of ownership, population density, (4) infrastructure: distance to road, distance to electricity, distance to telephone. AHP was used to weight each the secondary sub-criterium. Then the range of each secondary sub-criterium was categorized in connection with the suitability for rainbow trout farming. So the evaluation model for suitability study of water sources for rainbow trout farming was achieved. This model classifies suitability in 4 categories: unsuitable (1-2), moderately suitable (2-3), suitable (3-4), and completely suitable (4-5). At the next step information layers created in secondary sub-criteria level of AHP hierarchy. Finally, the weights achieved from AHP were multiplied to created information layers and final capability for each site was achieved. The results showed that there were 208 groundwater sources in Sardadsht which among them 141 sources (51 springs and 157 wells) has the capability for rainbow trout farming. Results after evaluation showed that none of the 141 groundwater selected sources, were classified as unsuitable, and completely suitable classes, 21% (29 sources including 3 springs and 26 wells) were classified as moderately suitable, and 79% (112 sources including 16 springs and 96 wells) as suitable ones. Besides, they showed that the main constraint factors for rainbow trout farming in the studied area were: (1) Distance to earthquake, which 88% of all sources were classified in unsuitable category with respect to this factor. (2) Distance to public telephone, which 30% of sources were classified in unsuitable category in relation to this factor. (3) High slope, which 30% of sources was classified in unsuitable category caused by locating in high slope sites. ConclusionOverall, the model which conducted in this study showed that there is a great potential for rainbow trout farming in Sardasht groundwater sources. This great potential should be considered in future rural development planning to take account rural aquaculture as suitable ecological, economical, social, and infrastructural activities for rural areas.

IntroductionToday, one of the new economic opportunities, as well as the social and ecological needs of the world due to strongly growing and expanding, is the tourism industry. Nature is one of the most important economic activities in different parts of the world a therefore it is a very good opportunity to provide visitors to be aware of the importance of preserving culture and how to protect local culture and nature. The conditions for local communities and remote areas make good natural incomes for the country because of the potential benefit in many aspects of religious tourism, indigenous, natural, pristine environment, agriculture, livestock, wildlife, protected areas, forests, mountains, rivers and other natural resources, always as the association tourism in the territory of the land has been raised. Therefore, through the existing tourism opportunities in the country, despite natural attractions, pristine landscapes and good climatic aspects of tourism strengthens. In these areas, execution of planning and strategic partnership with the new approach could be one of the ways to exploit these opportunities with the potential for a city in the middle is Nature. Among rural areas due to geographical location Marivan township itself includes plenty of natural potentials that have already optimized for various reasons and, sustainable usage of these opportunities is not so, in order to diversify the sources of economic growth and foreign exchange earnings and create job opportunities, tourism development and its related economic activities in order to provide leisure areas for citizens, is important too. Methodology With regard to the subject of study and research purpose, the methodology of this research is descriptive and its manner is analytic. Descriptive methods to study the international experience and domestic related literature were discussed in Nature Methods SWOT analysis technique. This technique is very useful for analyzing the current situation analysis and decision making, evaluate outcomes and options is to select not only the current landscape, but also the future opportunities and threats to consider. Therefore in this study to achieve the first questionnaire in the form of a SWOT table for a strategic model designed to provide samples (including 50 experts in township planning and management organizations, custodians, and 150 people) were given. The strategic matrix was designed this way to identify the weaknesses and threats and then the appropriate strategies should be presented. Therefore, this study is not only based on the strategic model, but also the current outlook for future opportunities and threats in the regional development would be examined.Results Based on the results and analysis of each of the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats of local officials and groups participating as X and Y chart pattern developing strategic nature of the view that the authorities were planning in terms of having the opportunity Nature and attractions in the region is high, but the development situation in nature with various aspects of the threats for the region to follow. Yet from the perspective of Natural Potentials of people in the region was a suitable opportunity and conditions for uses outside of these opportunities were provided. The total score was calculated in terms of officials in the strategic model that showed the strengths and weaknesses in terms of regional nature equal 4/5 and for equal opportunities and threats were -1/2 People from the viewpoint of the total score calculated for the weaknesses and strengths oriented nature of development equal to 5/1 and for the opportunities and threats 0/7 were estimated. So from the viewpoint of local people, the township in terms of platforms and capabilities of Developing of inner nature of Marivan city were stronger than the outdoor opportunities in this direction for the development of the region from the viewpoint of nature, the desire to aggressive strategy, but officials from the perspective of these conditions, pictures of people and their comments external conditions governing the development of nature in the region not seen in the appropriate situation and why their strategy for the development of focal nature of strategic models in the range of diversity strategy placed. So it seemed that achieving sustainable regional development Nature was better at first, a variety of strategic development priorities of nature in the region considered to eventually provide conditions and potential to maintain and strengthen the region as the affecting natural factors, and sustainable development of nature in the area could be provided. ConclusionBased on the results in order to enhance a sustainable development in studying the nature of area, the viewpoints of the people and the officials summed diversity strategies as part of a strategic package for the recommended action.

Rural women, especially in the third world countries, have a major role in the economic, social and cultural activities. Check the status of women in the developing countries 52 represents the fact that women over 40% of agricultural activities are doing with respect to the axis of the nature of the agricultural activities in the economic development of Iran, and the role of rural women in the Important that food production are upgrading their level of technical knowledge for a better life, whatever the particular importance of the other. Therefore, take out a new technology to rural areas can make women the training needs. The increasing needs of the people's education, their lack of access to the educational centers, shortages of economic resources, the shortage of qualified educators and spending a lot of that is spent training the specialists it was with the help of new information technologies for education, devised techniques to both economic and quality and also be able to use it simultaneously throngs of Learners put under the training of women in villages in the province because of insufficient expertise and skills Lower turnout in the lab our market, on the one hand due to busy work and certain prejudices in education of the person to whom the restrictions are faced with new technologies to enhance rural areas to meet the needs of rural women, training can fix. With summary the contents of such general purpose, this study examines the factors affecting the application of e-learning in training rural women in the province.

People have been trying to have a good life from many centuries ago. But always main problem is that what is the ideal life? In this direction various definitions and subjective and objective indicators about the quality of life are proposed and there are many problems to and acceptable universal definition in order to recognize the suitable indicators and its measuring. We should announce that the life quality is several affected by time and place and the categories and forming factors are different in time periods, geographical place, and the level of development. With this description, the current study is trying to answer this question; how is the life in the view point of sample society? And whether the spatial distribution affects the life quality? Research method is descriptive-analytical. To analyze the data from field operations the descriptive and deductive statistics (T test, variance analysis) methods are used and then the GIS software is used to show the spatial distribution. The sample society in this study is the villages of center part of Delfan Township with a population of 81039 people equivalent with 12451 families. The sampling method of this clustering study is multi-stages that are selected by the proportionate assignment of 21 villages. To complete the questionnaire 315 people from the family supervisors considered as the sample society. The results show that according to viewpoints of sample society the education quality, residential environment quality, physical environment quality, health and security quality, earning and occupation quality are evaluated lower than the average and social cooperation and correlation quality of sample society is evaluated at the average level. Also the results show that in villages of center part of Delfan township in all categories that affect the life quality a meaning full different in place situation and space perspective cooled be seen, in a case that the in habitants of the bucolic villages have more satisfaction from the effective categories on life quality and in second level are the mountainous and hillside villages. Also in apace perspective there was a meaning full difference in all categories (environmental frame and social quality). Except in economic category that has no meaning full difference.

Ownership is an important element for sustainability development in natural resource management. Rangelands vegetations are important factor for produce in traditional herding therefore recognition of different utilization methods and management of this vegetation resource production for animal grazing and rangelands condition is very important. So this research carried out in 2009 in winter rangelands at Semnan province. The objective of this research is to comparison different utilization methods exist between rural and immigrant ranchers on rangelands condition.MethodologyReference population in this study according to the grazing license, was divided to private exploitation, collective exploitation and councilor exploitation. Based on stratified random sampling method and Cochran formula, the sample volumes 50 of Rangelands were estimated. For data collection we used questioner and field survey. Questioner was included multiple question and also interview forms. In general 93 people in order to completing questioner for private exploitation one person, for collective exploitation two people and for councilor exploitation at least two people were interviewed. For validity of questioner were used academic members (three people) specialist of executive department (two people) and specialist in social sciences (one people) and for reliability was used Cranach's alpha. Range condition evaluated based on recommended manner of American forest protection organization (four factors) Include soil protection, vegetation cover percentage, plant combination and plant healthy.

Villages in Iran are considered as the smallest parts of organizational and social units. Before the year 1961 all of the villages were owned by landowners and they have ruled at the different aspects of villagers’ likes such as the social, economical, politic al ones, etc. After the land reform in Iran, the old fashioned relations between the masters and peasants disintegrated in an inharmonious way and the agricultural economy of Iran moved into the direction of capitalistic economy. One of the outcomes of land reform in the country has been the increasing presence of trading dealers in the villages. In that situation there were two groups of the mentioned dealers: and forefather buyers that took the charge of Iran's economy. In order to come up with capital necessary for production, the farmers and producers of agriculture products tended to utilize their own savings or getting loans secured from financial/credit institutions. Rural Credit Funds which have been set up in the past two decades have been amongst the resources utilized by farmers and rural producers. In the rural and agricultural development Problems lokich usually occurs, one of the solutions for the financial ones has been to grant a small scale credit which was very important in concentration and direction to villagers locking serious capital and provided the spirit of partnership and teamwork. The small credits might be considered as an economic process at a glance but since the group participation of members formed a social network for loan payments without assurance and guarantee. They trusted to each other and besides, the social norms and values acted as a kind of guarantee; accordingly, when a project started with economic goals, it usually transformed to a social process. The research also resulted that the biggest problem of farmers has been their needs for capital and they were inevitably imposed to sell their wage in the very low price. The special feature of the small scale credits is quick as well as easy-provided without needing a heavy assurance and inattention to profit in providing credit services, and so one. The propose of small scale credits with a 30-year history has been eliminating of poverty and deprivation, providing small loans for low income households in order to form various activities with the skills and technologies they need. Giving small scale credits increasing agricultural production, knocking out unofficial resources from the credits market, decreasing the prices of products, and increasing the per capita income, as well as decreasing the inequalities, adjusting the incomes and transferring new technologies. Methodology In this research, checking the status of milk producers and the rapid rural assessment (RRA) were the first steps. In this point, the information collection technique was the semi structure at interview and observation (participatory and non participatory). The findings of this study were collected in just one farming year (Form Farvardin till Esfand 1387). After analyzing the mentioned data and finding out the change action of producers (continuous discrete), using Grounded theory, based on principles and practices of Strauss and Corbin trying was made to found out the reasons of the emergence of this phenomenon in the village of Shisheh. First of all, the research was based on targeted sampling, and it was decided to interview with 9 ranchers and the questions were about the reasons of rancher’s cooperation with the milk makers. In the next step with the information based on previous 9 ranchers, 13 more ranchers were chosen for the interview. Totally 22 person have been chosen (9 based on targeted sampling and 13 based on theoretical one).

Remarkable progress in Information Technology (IT) sector is changing the face of the world. The importance of IT in economic prosperity on the one hand and the role it can play in facilitating the processes and procedures on the other cannot be underestimated. Meanwhile, a sort of digital gap can be seen not only between the developed countries and the underdeveloped ones, but also between urban and rural areas. It is believed that there is an outstanding potential in IT sector which can be exploited if rural administrators intend to bridge this gap. Other parameters which can have an outstanding contribution to a sustainable rural development are the presence of infrastructure like broadband Internet and training courses for rural administrators. Of course the significance of IT should not be limited to the benefits that can be gained in access to the Internet which can be regarded as a sort of oversimplification of the matter. In fact, the core concept here can be the capability of rural administrators in using software applications in different aspects of rural life such as: planning, physical and socio-cultural development of the villages, quality and quantity of the services which are offered to rural settlers and stakeholders and above all the pace of offering such services in the shortest time possible. It is also thought that if the IT usage could be done in an effective way, it could serve as a driving force for rural development and planning. Regretfully, it is an area which has rarely been regarded and supported by policy makers at the regional and national level which necessitates more attention to this sector. From another viewpoint, the rural settlers are required to be equipped with the new skills be leaned know how to deal with the increasing problems they encounter everyday. The continuous and rapid changing of scientific progress makes their skills and knowledge seem obsolete and impractical; and therefore it is necessary for them to revive and update their knowledge and skills to adapt themselves to radical changes happening around them. Since the sustainable rural development is globally knowledge-based, managing a sustainable rural development in our country should follow the same approach. Investment in knowledge-based foundations in villages including preparing the ground for the expansion of IT can help the rural societies to play a great role, not only in national arenas, but also in international ones too.