فصلنامه دامپزشکی ایران
سال هفتم شماره 32 (پاییز 1390)

In this study, effect of benzalkonium chloride on treatment of Ichthyophthiriasis of common carp and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts was studied and compared with conventional methods of treatments and substances. For this purpose, 100 juvenile common carp were divided into 5 similar groups including formalin bath, formalin plus malachite green bath, formalin plus benzalkonium bath, benzalkonium bath and control group without any treatment. Dosage and treatment duration were chosen according to conventional treatment strategies. Mortality rate of fish in each groups were recorded in one month. These drugs and treatment methods were also used in-vitro on live theronts and the efficacy of each treatment (killing and immobilizing effect on theront) was measured. In-vivo results showed that the mortality rate in formalin bath, formalin plus malachite green bath, formalin plus benzalkonium bath, benzalkonium bath and control group were 25%, 35%, 40%, 15% and 65% respectively. In-vitro results show that survival rate of theronts after one month in groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 75%, 65%, 60%, 85% and 100% respectively. Results of in vitro assay show some differences among groups. Live theront per ml after treatment in control group was higher than all other treatment groups. In the malachite and formalin group the mortality rate of theront was lower than other treatment groups.

Histamine, through its H1 receptors, plays an important role in modulation of pain. In this study, the effect of chlorpheniramine (an antagonist of histamine H1 receptors) was investigated on pain response induced by sub-plantar injection of formalin and histamine in sciatic ligated and non-ligated rats. The ligation of sciatic nerve was induced by tying four loose ligatures around the trunk of left sciatic nerve. Thirteen days after surgery, after intraperitoneal injections of normal saline (control) and chlorpheniramine (5 mg/kg) in ligated and non-ligated rats, subcutaneous injections of 40 μl normal saline, formalin (2.5%) and histamine (2.5%) into the plantar surface of left hind paw were performed. Pain responses including lifting, licking and biting of the injected paw were scored. Control groups (intraperitoneal and sub-plantar injections of normal saline) produced negligible pain responses. In the non-ligated animals, formalin produced a biphasic pain and histamine induced a short-time (5 min) nociceptive response. In the ligated rats, the intensity of pain induced by formalin and histamine was significantly (p<0.05) more than that of non-ligated rats. Intraperitoneal injection of chlorpheniramine (5 mg/kg), without any suppressive effect on locomotor activities, significantly (p<0.05) decreased the pain induced by sub-plantar injections of formalin and histamine in both ligated and non-ligated animals. These results suggest that peripheral nerve injury increases the sensitivity to noxious substances. Histamine through its H1 receptors may be involved in producing as well as increasing the intensity of pain.

In this study, the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on the blood cortisol and glucose levels of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was studied. The test was started after 2 weeks of acclimation of fishes with weight of 55±1g in 12 fiber glass tanks (560 liter water). Fishes were fed with 3 different dosage of garlic (0.5, 1 and 3%) as treatment groups. The same diet without any additional garlic was used in control group. The test continued for 30 days. Blood samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 120, 240, 360 and 720 hours after beginning the experiment. The results showed that until 120 hours of transferring, there was no significant difference between cortisol concentration of all treated and control groups (P>0.05). After 240 hours all, garlic treated groups showed significant difference in comparison with control group (P<0.05) and the maximum concentration of cortisol was in treated group with 3% garlic (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that there was significant difference between all treated and the control group in hour of 12 (P<0.05) of glucose concentration and the significant difference was not seen in hour of 24 (P>0.05). After this period, the blood glucose concentration in all treated groups were increased significantly (P<0.05), and the maximum concentration of glucose was recorded in the 3% garlic treated group.

Zohreh is one of the important river of Khuzestan province.That until there is not a comprehensive report about parasitic fauna of these fish species. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of infestation of parasites relating to Zohreh fishes. For this study a total of 292 among 8 species of fish were caught by netting and carried out to laboratory. In this study, the fishes were identified as Chondrostoma regium (106 specimens), Barbus pectoralis (7 specimens), Macrostomum ciprinion (11 specimens), Mastacembelus mastacembelus (13 specimens), Barbus grypus (53 specimens), Barbus luteus (97 specimens) and Capoeta damasina (5 specimens). Different organs of the fishes were examined by routine parasitological methods. Parasites were fixed, stained and identified up to genus level. From 292 fishes, 23.54% were infected by different parasitic worms. In this study the identified nematode, termatod, cestoda and crustacean were: Bulbocephalus sp. (in intestine) Anisakis sp, (in body cavity), Leuceruthrus sp. (in intestine), Bothriocephalus sp. (in intestine), Acantocephale (in intestine), Ergasilus sp. (on skin) and Contracaecum sp. (in intestine). Bulbocephalus sp. of family Physalopteridae was found in Chondrostom regium. The highest number of the infected fish was belong to Chondrostom regium (33.01%) and the lowest infection rate was belong to Barbus luteus (9%). The overall infestation intensity in the studied fishes was relatively low and the reported parasites were new for this river.

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria can affect different physiological pathways including lipids metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of single injection (IP) of different E. coli LPS doses on serum level of cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C and study the role of sodium diclofenac on alteration of the above parameters. In this study 96, male Wistar rats were divided randomly in to 8 equal groups. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with normal saline and diclofenac (2.5 mg/kg, IM) as control groups, respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were injected (IP) with 100, 200 and 300 μg/rat of LPS, respectively. Groups 6, 7 and 8 were injected with the same amaunt of LPS as above groups and also with diclofenac (2.5 mg/kg, single dose, IM). Blood samples were taken by heart puncture in different times periods (0, 1, 6 and 24 hrs) after LPS injection. The level of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C in plasma were measured by common biochemical enzymatic laboratory methods. Statistical analysis of the level of HDL-C showed, significant decrease in different times after LPS administration with or without diclofenac (P<0.05). The level of LDL-C showed an increase pattern in different times after LPS injection with or without diclofenac, but this finding was not statistically significant in all. The level of cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL-C did not show significant changes (P>0.05). Preliminary results suggested that single dose of diclofenac can not prevent the HDL-C and LDL-C changes after administration of LPS in rats.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional cultivation methods were carried out to detect invasion gene A (invA) gene of Salmonella spp. in horses and mule's feces. The rapidity and sensitivity of PCR technique was comparison with microbiological culture were determined. Detection of the carrier rates on the basis of sex, age and animal species for Salmonella in equine feces was done. One hundred fecal samples were taken from equidea family included 76 horses (67 stallions and 9 mares) and 24 mules (16 stallions and 8 mares) from different regions of Urmia, Iran, in 2009. The frequency of age distribution in 2 to 4, 6, 8, 10, and >10 years old were 7, 24, 37, 19 and 13 animals, respectively. Fecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation by current culturing techniques and biochemical testes. Samples were enriched in enrichment broth and DNA were extracted and amplified by PCR method using specific primers for Salmonella invA. PCR products were visualized using 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The bacterial culturing results were negative for all feces, whilst PCR and electrophoresis confirmed the presence of Salmonella in three feces (3%) in which they were stallion, 6 years old horses. These results indicate that the PCR method is highly sensitive and rapid for Salmonella detection in fecal samples than other current methods.

In this study the effects of dietary bovine lactoferrin (Lf) on some non-specific immune response parameters of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. In this regard, trout with mean weight 40±5 g fed on control diet (without Lf) and four diets supplemented with 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg Lf/kg diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the dietary period, blood samples were collected through caudal vein with non-heparinated syringes. Serum samples were used to determine the effects of Lf on humoral non-specific immune parameters including alternative haemolytic complement activity, Lysozyme, peroxidase and antiprotease. The obtained results revealed significant increase of Lysozyme levels in the groups fed on 100 and 200 mg of Lf/kg diet compared with the control group. Serum peroxidase levels in the group fed on 200 mg of Lf/kg diet, and the antiprotease activity levels in the groups fed on the diets containing 100, 200 and 400 mg of Lf/kg diet showed significant increases compared with the control group (P 0/05). The highest level of alternative haemolytic complement activity was seen for the group fed on 200 mg of Lf/kg diet. According to the results of this study it can be suggested that the addition of 200 mg Lf/kg to diet enhances the non-specific immune response in rainbow trout.

The milk samples of 150 goats (from 300 udder halves) were tested first by MAS-D-TEC device (Wescor, Inc., Logan, USA) in which the electrical conductivity graded from 0 to 9, then compared with evaluating the same samples by CMT and graded as: T (Trace), +1, +2 and +3. The milk samples were collected aseptically and sent to diagnostic lab for bacteriological cultures on Blood agar and Mac Conkey agar media. Statistical analyses used in this survey were Mc-Nemar, Chi2, Sensitivity, Specificity and Kappa. Of 300 samples from goats sent for culture, 24 samples (8%) were positive. The most important agent of subclinical mastitis in goat in Garmsar was staphylococcus epidermis. According to the result of the present study, MAS-D-TEC device has acceptable sensitivity and specificity to detect subclinical mastitis in goat (100% and 92%, respectively). Also, there is a substantially agreement (kappa statistic=0/73) between ECT (with MAS-D-TEC device) and CMT to detect subclinical mastitis in goat. Therefore, it seems; this device can be used as a screening test to detect subclinical mastitis in goat in the same way used in cow.

Chlamydophila abortus is one of the major causes of infectious abortion in pregnant sheep worldwide. Organisms shed in infected placentas and uterine discharges at lambing time are the main sources of environmental contamination, responsible for transmission to susceptible animals and possible human contacts. In this study one segment with 375 bp length of POMP90 gene coding region of Chlamydophila abortus S26/3 (Tyr113-Asn238) was amplified with PCR and expressed in E.coli BL-21, after cloning in pMAL-C2X vector. The recombinant 55 kDa protein was identified by both SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Expression of a protein with the expected molecular weight in SDS-PAGE and a positive reaction of the protein with Chlamydophila abortus infected sheep sera by immunoblotting, revealed a successful expression of POMP90 gene segment in E. coli.

In order to study the effects of concomitant usage of a multi-enzyme (Natuyme)™ and anticoccidial vaccine (paracox-5)™ on experimental coccidial infection, 600 day old male broiler chickens were randomly divided into 5 groups of 120 with 4 replicates. Groups 1 and 2 were assigned as negative and positive controls, respectively and did not receive enzyme or vaccine. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received enzyme, anticoccidial vaccine and enzyme plus vaccine, respectively. At 26 days of age, all groups (except negative control) were challenged with mixed inoculums of 3 Eimeria species (E. acervuline, E. maxima and E. tenella). OPG of all groups were measured at 6-10 days post challenge. Serum carotenoid levels were tested before and 6 days after challenge. Production parameters were also determined for each group. In groups that received vaccine and / or enzyme, OPG was significantly lower than positive control (P<0.01). After challenge, no significant difference was observed in production parameters among negative and treated groups. The mean body weight gain of positive control was lower than other groups. It was concluded that using paracox-5 had a positive effect on controlling of coccidiosis. Moreover, supplementation of diet with Natuzyme had no interaction with the efficacy of anticoccidial vaccine.

BVD is one of the most important diseases with significant economic losses in dairy cattle industry throughout the world. This virus can result in a wide range of clinical manifestations that may lead to congenital defect as consequences. The aim of this paper is to introduce a type of congenital disorder mainly associated with tremor that occurred in two parts of Iran for the first time. In two modern dairies of Tehran and Kerman, 1 and 3 neonate calves with neurologic signs were further examined clinically, histopathologically and serologically. Blood sample and half of the brain of the calf from Tehran’s farm as well as blood samples of 3 affected and alive calves and those of 5 mothers of the affected calves (3 alive and 2 died) and 5 partners of these mothers from Kerman’s farm were sent to a lab. For BVDV antigen detection, the brain underwent RT-PCR examination. For BVDV antigen and antibody determination, the blood samples were examined by capture and indirect ELISA, respectively. Meanwhile, the other half of the brain of the calf from Tehran’s farm was histopathologically studied. Microscopic examinations revealed considerable injuries in white and gray matter of brain referred to lymphocytic encephalitis, more likely viral encephalitis. All of the 3 calves were positive for Ag and Ab tests. All of the mothers had only antibodies against BVDV. The partners were the same as the mothers with one exception (which was negative in both tests). Considering the high prevalence of virus and economical losses due to infection with BVDV in Iran, adopting an appropriate and precise control strategy in whole parts of country seems vital.