فصلنامه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی محیط زیست
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1390)

Planning applications for environmentally sensitive developments must be accompanied by an Environmental Statement (ES) which addresses public concerns over the likely impacts on the landscape. As international and national rules,the effects on the environment in all industrial development projects in all countries are required. This study is going to develop the selection criteria which are effective on wind power plant site locating as environmental and technical point of view. This paper describes a project which was undertaken to perform the spatial analysis required for an EIA of a proposed wind farm. The system, developed within ArcMap, integrates a variety of data sets (including digital environmental, Technical and geograpical) to quantify and qualify these environmental impacts. This paper also describes how the system was extended to consider site selection criteria to determine the optimal locations for wind farms in Iran.

This research is a comprehensive study of transportation external costs that influence on the national economy. It includes detailed analysis of various transportation costs with using the best available data. It provides monetized estimate approaches for estimate external costs. There are many efforts to get these external costs from consumers and producers. External costs are much expanded that this report is going to present a lot of information about the external costs of transportation and different ways of valuing them in financial terms. So this study has an economical approach to turn the externalities into the monetized and it can help to assess the planning and policies in Iran. This work is done due to the people and society’s decision for choosing policies, according to benefits and social costs that it’s known as a good approach in the world. Environmental economists discover some new methods to account these effects as financial facts, in order to change the view point of traditional cost benefit analysis and instead of that, replace marginal social cost and marginal social benefit.External effects are a general expression that includes costs and benefits which can’t reflect the market’s prices. The costs and benefits are so important for planning of transportations. It is one of the most comprehensive studies in Iran, including many costs categories that are often overlooked. It is help to apply economic evaluation techniques. The cost that are in the attention of the past studies and recognition of transportation divided to 20 groups. Hedonic approach that is depended on the real exchanges of market can have more real results. Hedonic is better than the others approach. The avoid cost and controlling costs are not the same with real costs. The contingent valuation method not based on the market exchanges and people reveal their willingness to pay. Due to limited time and resources when decisions have to be made, it’s offered to use the Benefits Transfer method for Iran. The benefits transfer method is a way that we can use the studies of external costs and also we use them in a reasonable way and in some more places.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity, density and distribution of birds, ShahidBahonar Arak Forest Park during spring, summer and autumn. From April to November 2010, Forest Park Birds of Bahonar Arak point counting method (Point-Count) at 12 stations, have been identified and counted. Overall, 21 species of birds have been identified. Swift, Syrian Woodpecker, House Sparrow, Rook and Rock dove species were reproduced in Forest Park. House sparrow has had the highest frequency in three seasons. Biological indices show that spring have the highest species richness (3.07), Summer have the highest species diversity (3.36) and autumn have the highest density (0.86) and highest species evenness (0.58). Distribution and species richness of bird count stations in each of the seasons shows that the station of number 1 has higher species richness than other stations. These reasons can be considered near the pond, the presence of birds at the zoo and to hear their voices, and increased insects for feeding.

In Iran, the annual demand for various kinds of energy, such as electricity, has raised due to high economic growth rate, high development, etc.; so, developing new power stations in the country is an inevitable necessity. Power stations are the main part of power systems as they produce electricity. The stations location will affect the production rate, effectiveness, production costs, transmission costs, environment, etc. This study has been performed with the purpose of positioning thermal stations in Semnan Province by GIS with respect to environment criteria. Initially, important parameters in positioning thermal stations, and the effectiveness of each parameter, were identified. Thus, we used the data from maps of the scale 1:250000. The Boolean and fuzzy logic were utilized in positioning.

Industrialization policy is one of the main development goals of a country. This policy making not only covers economic but social and environmental facets. However, development of this process regarding the location of industrial estates have multi dimensions goals. Site suitability analysis is important to identify suitable land units for a specific purposes so on management decisions can be made in a site specific manner.In this paper two methods were utilized for evaluating the land suitability of industrial estates in Qom province in Iran: the Boolean- logic and Weighted Liner Combination (WLC) whit application of Geographical Information System (GIS).Results of this paper showed that location of Shokoohieh and Salafchegan industrial estates are not in a suitable condition and they are not allowed to have more polluted industries. Mahmoodabad industrial estates have suitable conditions, but requires more environmental monitoring and control for reducing existing pollution.The results of the present paper represent that the condition in Boolean method has less certainly and regarding to definite limitations in this method, the lands evaluated according to Fuzzy have fewer parameters. Ability of WLC, offers this chance to the decision maker to select and insert more important subject which have greater role in land suitability evaluation for industrial development.

This survey has been carried outwith the purpose of identification, assessment and management of environmental risk caused by oil leakage in central storage of Yazd Oil Products Distribution Company. In this study the Environmental Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (E-FMEA) was applied to evaluate the environmental risk of oil leakage into the ground in the central store of the company based on four factors including intensity, detection possibility, occurrence probability and spreading rate of contamination. The results showed that the most important environmental risks caused by oil leakage are “perforation of tank bottom due to the corrosion (with a RPN equals to 672)”, “the corrosion of tank bottom due to the insufficiency of cathodic protection system (with a RPN tantamount to 504)”, and “the earthquake” (with the RPN equals to 504). Based on the comparison of risk levels, 16.6% of the risks were rated as high, 33.3% as moderate, and 50% as low risks. Besides, to investigate the pollution probability of the underground water in Yazd Province resulting from supplying the products in Oil Storage, some samples were taken from the well in the vicinity of the storage. The results revealed no contamination of the underground water. To eliminate, control, prevent, and decrease the environmental risk and potential dangers, based on comparison of the results obtained from risk assessment, some risk management strategies were suggested for ShahidSadoughi Oil Storage. Amongst the proposed strategies can be pointed to simultaneous application of cathodic protection and the corrosion inhibitors of the vapor phase, application of isolator and vibration-sensitive valves in different parts of the warehouse and also application of insurance coverage.

Today, one of the most important problems and anxieties in mineral processing and extraction is the accumulating of outlet tailing materials. If outlet materials of the factory consist of harmful materials such as cyanide, acids and heavy metals, security and environmental consideration concerning the accumulation of outlet tailing material will be more important. In most of tailing dams designed for accumulating outlet of processing factories, construction costs and easy accumulation have been considered but other economical aspects such as current expenses and low fixed investment costs, if the new methods are used, have not been considered. In this research two accumulating methods of tailing outlet in pulp and solid cake forms are considered in Zarshouran factory. Comparing the economical factors of fixed investment costs and current expenses of two methods, the advantages of these methods are specified. The result obtained show that the current expenses if the project in the case of using cake preservation method will increase by 4.6 times. this is due to high cost of process for production of pressurized cakes considering the solid – liquid ratio including transportation and storing of cakes. we have to mention that in the section referring to increasing the efficiency which includes the return of the considerable amount of chemical reagents like cyanide ions, ammonium, other minerals such as sodium chloride, lime, also the return of water, energy and gold. the section for sorting and preservation of the solid cakes is2.88 times more effective than impending and preservation of the pulp. it is worth to mention that in the process of storing cakes due to the lower cost of construction of impoundment area and the need for smaller area for construction the total preliminary investment indicates 35% lower them the other process. Considering the above statements of the two different methods shall be considered independently taking. The values of material and the energy return as their income, the process of storing solid cakes will have 49% of internal return rate of the investment compared to internal return rate of investment of 15% in the case of storing and preservation of the pulp. Nevertheless considering the differences on investment and the profit of the two projects, the out com of differences will show 55% of the related internal return rate of investment, which indicates clearly the higher economical advantage of solid cakes storing method over the process of storing and preservation of the pulp. Results of research indicate that if outlet will be accumulated in cake form, the accumulating reserve will increase 4.6 times more. In cake accumulating form, investment costs will decrease up to 35% and due to energy and material saving, the internal rate of return in this method is 49%, whereas in pulp method, this rate is 15%.

This study issued an applicable model using of technical software for water quality management problems. We have used MULINO DSS, in this research which is practical software for decision analysis with multiple objectives of water recourses. MULINO DSS realizes the scheme for decision analysis based on the DPSIR conceptual framework. According to this approach the factors of main importance categories data and modeling relation impact for solving environmental problems and at the later stages this data has been surveyed by decider maker (DM’s) and choose the preference solution.Also In this method MCDA approach (Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis) has important role in solving problems and achieving the "best" compromise solution. Extremity an alternative choose that preferences both socio-economical and environmental aspect of other solution.