کاوش نامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1390)

This article is intended to re-read the rise of comparative literature and its development in the Islamic world in general and the Arab countries and Iran in particular, highlighting on the eastern islamic trend that have been marginalized by the western islamic trend on which the comparative studies in these countries have been centered, in order to gain access to a fuller and wider identity for comparative literature in the Muslim world, and in order to complement the picture of the reality of global comparative literature. The article try, also, to remove from the western islamic trend the virtue of temporal priority in using the term "comparative literature" and attributed it to the eastern islamic trend, in addition to trying to assign a part of the virtue of establishment of comparative literature in the Islamic world to the classical Arabic and Persian literatures. The article deals with the most important phases of comparative studies between the literatures of Muslim peoples, as well as the changes in comparative literature created by certain forums - as "Arab unity" and "Islamic unity"- for political and religious purposes, to make comparative literature consistent with the eastern and and Islamic societies. These things in comparative literature in the islamic world lead to focus on the "French School" in Comparative Literature, as well as the to the rise of the terms "Arab School" and "Islamic School" in the face of of other western and eastern trends in comparative literature, and led, on the level of time, to focus on the classical period, in which the islamic world had the ideal unity of all its aspects, and, finally, lead, on the geographical level, to the narrowing of the circle of comparative literature to the literatures of islamic peoples and delete the other western and eastern literatures from the circle of its interest, in order to go out of the margins of the western center, which does not see in the literatures of islamic peoples, in particular, any weight in the international comparative literature.

Nostalgia or submit for the past is a mental state that appears in a person unconsciously and then becomes a thought. In the literature, this state occurs for a poet or writer, which, because of individual motivation or surrounding social, political situation, feels cut from the present and raises the idea of returning to the past and its sweet memories and then mixes his (her) writing with a tragic. Ahmad Abd-Almo’tiHejaziand Nader Naderpour, as two famous contemporary Arabic and Persian literature poets and gonfaloniers of the school of literary romanticism, according to their personal and social conditions, by escaping from their time,the main part of their poem takes the color of pain, sorrow and yearning for the past. In this research, by the descriptive and analytical study of these two poets collection of poetries and with reference to the American comparative literature doctrine, the authors investigate and compare the appearance manner of this poetical thought in these two poetics. Some of the results showed that these two poets have subscription in nostalgic themes, staying away from land, childhood, lover, family, acquaintances and ideal future. Also, it has been proved that nostalgia has affected the poetic style of the two poets in repetition elements, music and question fashion.

Nostalgie term that we remember it with explanations like nostalgia and sorrow of being away from in contemporary period and because of its political and social events, became more different. Badr shker sayub and mehdi Akhvan sales, there is kind of nostalgia and political sorrow in their poem, because if similar political failnre and disappointment; so that failure and political unsuccessful are tacke into account, as main origin in poems of these tow famous poet. Anshodeh Almater of sayab and zemstun of Akavan as satirical poems are considerd as two masterpiece in symbolic poem in contemporary literature of Arub apersian that we can see point of nostalgia both political and social of them in these kind of poem.The use of natural and myth symbols is the took of two poets for paying atfention to political nostalgy.

Protection poem besides that it is a war weapon some times it seems as a whisper. This poem is a way of humanitariam progress in the shape of verse. This deep reflections are abvious in the poem of protection in Persion and Arabic. With regard ti the affect and reflect of the two protection cultures of Palestine and the Islamic ripubluck of Iran, we can see the same thoughts in the poems of mahmoud Darvish and Ghaysar Aminpour the Islamic Iran poet. Fram al among these subjects is the life and death phenomenon, interion reflection or the study of essence.Death and life phenomenon in the poem of the two poets appers in two kinds; usual life and deaths without any philosophy and the othwr kind is a beautiful and lovwly death,which is a window open to a free world. It is a way to the permanent real life. Ineer reflections in the poems of these two poets has the charactric of humanitarianism which is a way to answer confuaion and questions about human and his situation in present world. Ghaysar,s disturbance in inner reflections isself reflect and Darvish redeams about essence.as a method to removw his hesitation about himself. wonderful and answerless questions about essence are frequent in the poems of Aminpour alike. But in the poems of Darvish we see the confrontation with death and questions about essence.

Coinciding with the constitution In Iran and the revolution of Iraqis against ottomans, some poems entered the realm of literature whose common themes of poems where displayed in such subjects as anti- coloniatism jastic- seeking counter- dictaturship feelings justice- seeking etc. These poets strove for the progress of their countries and saw the growth and development of their countries in the freedom of expression and thought and sometimes in the freedom of women. Some of them being in flunced by the western culture considered the womens ignorance of hijab as a kined of cultural growth and civilization and sought to materialize these concepts in their poems. Bahar and Zohavi are famously poets in literary of Iran and Iraq that lived in a period, when many of the political, social, cultural and economic two countries were very similare to one another, Bahar in period Qajar sultans and Zohavi in period Ottmans stifing.

Nima Yooshij and Khalil Motran are considered as the pioneers and founders of Noe poetry in Arabic and Persian literature. These two famous poets, have many common features including deep knowledge of past literary heritage acquaintance With European literature, taking influence of new literary schools and effort to create a change in the structure of poetry. But despite much commons ways, their different spirit, has caused the natural phenomena in their eyes and mind take a different and specific color. Therefore, each of them in the world of poetic imagination creates a symbol of lion related to own inner feelings which one of them is disable and weak and weeping and the other is brave an roaring. Lion it Nima's elegiac poem is symbol of liberals and those captured and has a realistic color. But this powerful animal in Motran's Al-Asad Albaki ode changed to a weeping and complaining one who always comes with romantic sadness.

Time in the Palestinian literature is complex and ambiguous similar to lost time for Palestinians, so sustainability literature authors have benefited greatly from tricks of story time, so that analysis time is necessary to understanding story theme. Qassan kanafani in his two great novels “men in the sun” and”what remained for you”has benefited from time element and its narrative tricks For expressing story theme. So, he ignores linear sequence of events and shares information’s with reader by using the tricks of story time like “flash back”, “flash forward” and tricks for the narrative time like “pause”, “summary”,” ellipsis”, “scene” and by this elements, defines the character motivations and their spiritual concerns then pushes the story as a valuable stimulus. Narrative analysis of story time proves that kanafani able to good use the time element in his stories by using means of narrative time.