فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 47، پاییز 1390)

In public ceremonies, some of the deepest collective memories of the city are being shaped. In Safavid era, feasts and funerals; which were either celebration of Iranian old traditions or Shiite rituals, provided some of the most memorable scenes in public life of the city. This has been mentioned frequently in itineraries and travelogues - both Iranians and foreigners. These ceremonies gradually found their proper physical arrangement. In Isfahan, capital of Safavid Empire, a thoughtful design under powerful ruling and prosperous state, resulted in unique places for different occasions. Chahar Bagh Street and Naghsh Jahan square were the urban spaces which were built to celebrate social events and strengthen the national identity of Iranians. In these spaces, places were embedded in surrounding buildings where people, according to their status and class, sat and watched the ceremonies. In Tehran, capital of Qajar Dynasty, spaces with different characters were created due to lack of proper design, will and power. In Fath Ali Shah era, Toopkhaneh(canon) square was built within citadel walls and then, in Naser al-Din Shah era, a new Toopkhaneh square was built in the Dowlat quarter(to the north of the citadel). These two squares were the main urban spaces of the city and ceremonies were held there. If in the first Toopkhaneh square a seat was anticipated for the king to sit and watch the ceremony (similar to the Alighapu Iwan in Isfahan), in the second Toopkhaneh square there was no place for the king in the surrounding buildings and he could watch occasional events from the entrance building of his palace in the adjacent street. In this period, Iranian old ceremonies- except Nowruz- were not celebrated anymore. The main religious feast which continued to be held from Safavid era into Qajar era was Eid Ghorban. In Safavid era, it was celebrated by sacrificing a camel in a square near Julfa and distributing its meat between people, who took the meat and marched in the Chahar Bagh Street. In Qajar dynasty the ceremony was held in front of a royal garden outside the city and was accompanied by European music which was played by western instruments. When city grew, the garden was enclosed in Dowlat quarter. In modern era (Pahlavi period), public ceremonies were eliminated from public scenes and were celebrated in private realms. Thus, urban spaces became a place for passing traffic. In this paper, the spaces which were places of feasts and ceremonies and their physical-spatial characteristics will be compared in Isfahan and Tehran. In particular, the ceremonies of Eid Ghorban and Eid Nowruz, the places where they were celebrated and their transformations will be discussed. This paper shows that by gradual fading of the role of ceremonies in public life of the city and gradual loss of proper and defined space for ceremonies which could bring together different citizens of the city and provide for their participation, the main vehicle for developing collective memory in public life is eliminated and the city is faded from the memories of its residents.

Nowadays we are living in a situation that houses are looked as a profitable product and as an economic need for families, instead of being a place for tranquillity. In the other word, Home which is generally a place of residence is now replaced by shelter. In the other hand, people need to have tranquillity, sense of security in private life and respected territory; so organization of living environment is not possible without adopting accurate approach to define private and public areas and hierarchy of living environments. Making this kind of environment increases sense of place attachment, prepares better condition for social relationship and gives a unique identity. Due to the relationship between people and environment which depends on several factors, this article considers the concept of territory as one of the effective subjects in quality of life in residential complexes. Territory is not purely spatial; it is also very much a social phenomenon. In fact, Territoriality is about the location of societies in space. In this way, it helps people to structure and organize their societies. It also plays a key role in our behaviour, allowing us to organise the space around us and feel a sense of personal and social identity. In this regard, Territory is a complicated concept and remarkable device going well beyond the provision of simple space. According to the sense of privacy and level of control on the surrounding environment, there are several categorization of concept of territory. In this article, three different categories of Primary (private territory), Secondary (semi private and semi public) and Public territory, has been selected for analysis. Furthermore the study on the various aspects of this concept reveals that, six different factors influence the concept of territory, can be categorized as social, geographical-cultural, perceptual, functional, physical and time. In the other step, the concept of territory and regarding influential factors in conventional residential complexes which is expanded in height and surface, has been analysed. In this regards two cases, including a part of Ekbatan and ShahrakeGharb developments, has been selected for survey of residential patterns in Tehran.This research is a qualitative research by using questionnaire and an analysis of cognitive maps drown by residents. The result of survey can be classified in three Scales. In the large scale, the result shows that mental territories of residents are not compatible with planners. In the medium scale, the results indicate that in the case of providing public services and green space for social interaction, expandingin height and surface, is not influential on residents’ satisfaction. Although building height and uniformity of building, strengthen the public territory and social identity, but they reduce the ability of secondary territory. Finally in the small scale, considering the security of public and secondary territory and liveability of the territories can affect on satisfaction of residents. In addition, in satisfaction of quality of different territories in residential areas, from residents perspective, the role of perceptual, social and geographical-cultural factors are more important than factors such as physical or functional.

Measuring the perceived quality of residential environments is one of the fields of inquiry for housing environment researches. Most of the data on the perceived quality of residential environments are restricted to existing and large cities experiences. However, little attention has been paid to new town residential complexes particularly in third world countries. Residential and neighborhood satisfaction is an important indicator of housing quality and condition, which affects individuals’ quality of life. The factors, which determine their satisfaction, are essential inputs in monitoring the success of housing policies. This article is trying to study the spatial and physical factors quality of the open and public spaces of Sahand new town residential complexes. Settlement architecture like other social features is not restricted in itself and the feeling of the ownership of appropriate residential environment is often a function of the facilities and accessible services. Residence realities such as other social phenomena are not restricted, thus having good residential environment is related to facilities and educational, religious, healthy and cultural spaces into the relevant distances. The main problem is that most residential communities were not regarded in the development of environment because of the abstract viewpoint to the residence issue. This cross-sectional study was carried out for the 2009-2010 periods. Type of sampling was simple random sampling, 330 of residents were participated in this study. Data for the study come from primary source collected through a personal interview technique. Using this technique, set questions were asked by the interviewer to elicit information from the respondents. Structured questions were used in preparing the questionnaire for the survey. To avoid bias resulting from questionnaire design, the questions were constructed in such a way that they were direct, simple and familiar to the respondents. The level of satisfaction of housing is measured in a five-point Likert scale ranging from ‘‘1’’ for very unsatisfied, ‘‘2’’ for unsatisfied, ‘‘3’’ for neutral, ‘‘4’’ for satisfied and ‘‘5’’ for very satisfied. All data gathered for this study were analyzed using descriptive and chi-square statistical methods, and also correlation tests. Data analysis was accomplished by SPSS.13 software. Results showed that most of residents (48.8%) consider the quality of open spaces at good levels, 50% moderate level and 0.6% low level.The mean and standard deviation of the sample individual in relation to satisfaction levels of the open spaces of urban residential areas in Sahand were 2.49, and 0.51 respectively. There was a significant correlation between special objections and quality of town residential communities open spaces in Sahand new town based on results of Frideman test (P<0.05). There was a signification correlation between age, sex, educational level, occupation, household, number of 18-years age children, marital status and the main goal of research based on results of X2 (P<0.01). Thus, for the development and increase of population in Sahand new town, quality of open residential spaces should be regarded. In addition to hardworking, making special effort of responsible, participation employ and residents cooperation techniques in principle development of town is essential.

Design precedents are available instances of architectural projects by high profile architects and designers, which can be studied and analyzed as knowledge resources for a given project. Developing a design knowledge based on a critical study of precedents will be referred to in this paper as Precedent-Based Knowledge. In all stages of designing, design reasoning based on precedents can save designers the time and effort needed to generate new design solutions from scratch. Starting with a precedent-based design model can enhance solving a new design problem by departing from a case in its entirety or by the partial borrowing of some of its features. A successful precedent-based design model seems to evolve from an efficient and properly presented precedent-based analysis model. Similarly, an efficient precedent-based analysis model is strongly related to an informative precedent-based evaluation model. In order to be of practical use, precedent-based analysis models should covey information inferred from precedents in well-structured and organized representations to enable designers to rapidly access desired data and effectively draw new information during the design synthesis process. Design knowledge gained from studying precedents is believed to help in the various design reasoning processes a designer may need. Previous experiences embedded in precedents help in understanding new situations and in projecting older solutions into new problems. As such, experience can be used when performing different tasks, both those that are repeated, and those that are new. Deriving emergent design products from precedents as a design strategy has its roots in various fields of knowledge. These include: (1) the theory of dynamic memory, (2) early studies of systematic design methods, (3) architectural typology, (4) using precedents for formulating formal composition principles, and finally (5) studies of decision making. The first includes the analogical use of memory which is concerned with storage and retrieval of the exemplars offered by design precedents or case studies. In this area, the process of using analogy in problem solving or what is called analogical reasoning is believed to play a key role in creative design. This paper, on one hand, focuses on typology of such knowledge-based elements and on the other hand tries to study a model to obtain applied knowledge from those precedents in order to evaluate their effect on design ideas creativity and new proposed solutions of the designers. Diverse types of application of design precedents were studied among 65students of Shiraz Art & Architecture University in their 4th semester of studying architectural design. The attendants were divided into 5 groups and each group was presented by a particular design precedent via a preferred survey model which was a fusion of Eilouti's and Lawson's models. Then the attendants were asked to generate their own new design solutions. The results revealed that using diverse precedents while incorporating an appropriate model to extract applied knowledge will lead the designers profoundly towards a more creative design solution. At the end, the paper proposes methods to enrich the extraction process of knowledge from design precedents in order to increase the creativity in the design process.

Persian gardens have been studied from different perspectives and some effects that its components have been analyzed in detail. Although this analysis has cleared the basis of essence causes in Persian garden but due to ambiguity in understanding the relationship between variables and some abstractive ontology interpretations, it has created confusion in reading it. Persian garden is affected by the construction of systems because of climatic conditions, especially irrigation system. Although the sensory and aesthetic factors in making the gardens have a special role in the later stages. Iranians in the field of architecture and gardens was function-oriented Due to the specific characteristics of their specific climate and morale. The function-orienting in the garden by the form of systematic Persian garden is evident. Then any reading in this regard is also based on these concepts. As we know, there are four causes of arts in existential analysis although the analysis of Aristotle's art those later Islamic philosophers in their ontological analysis of the causes have benefited. Aristotelian analysis, which also has been used in contemporary philosophy in Islamic wisdom, was limited to general knowledge ontology. Considering that in Persian architecture and gardens primarily we have two major knowledge`s which are selection of components and selection of amount of parts, we can say wisdom construction is mainly affected by two techniques. The garden as much as possible is simple formed and does not create ambiguity in the relationship between humans and space in construction wisdom. we will reach the general principle of selecting components which will be determined based on ultimate goal that is based on potential, and the inherent quality and quantity of parts and components. Persian wisdom in relation to selection of quality and quantity components is that to achieve the ultimate end with their comprehensive understanding of their performance characteristics and special qualities of the components and their bilateral relationship with the end, Iranians have selected the required elements and have chosen as required from the elements. There is a hierarchical in the use of components needed in the construction of the garden which cause to way that every object and every component used in specified place. Hierarchy is selection of particular relationship between elements that are in toward perfection and in the route and directions. The analysis of essence causes is one of the methods used to interpreter the aesthetic causes of art. This is just one method to read the creature and to understand the relationship between variables. This research is based on studies and according to Aristotle's causes, to have covered the Persian Garden. The conclusion is that given the relationship between subjective and physical causes that provides comfort and pleasure in order to save and satisfy human and in this way it is benefiting from the formal and regular geometric. So we can say the primary object of Persian gardens has been pleasure-seeking goal but then it is combined with the abstractive object and then the ultimate object is to be a holy heaven.

The functions of shelters are basically the same everywhere: to avoid extreme weather and to provide shelter for a comfortable living and working environment; but the designs and processes for those in different climates are significantly different. To live in the tropical area, Olgyay stated two major problems the habitants have to be prepared for: the avoidance of excessive solar radiation and the evaporation of moisture by breezes. One of the regional solutions is, for example, to allow free air movement into the space of the question. This study will try to find the effect of air-movement on black tent design according to human comfort and based on theoretical research and field study, aiming at clarifying the significance of the issue itself and the application which can be employed in the design of built environments. Many nomadic families, for example in Ilam, pack up their homes and move towards the sun in autumn and away from it in summer. Not only are they physically moved from the warmer, lower winter quarters up to cooler, higher pastures in the summer. An example of an adaptable building form is the nomadic tent. In winter the tent is closed right down to keep out the wind and rain but, as spring turns to summer, its cloth opens up, like wings, to form little more than a sun shade for the people inside. By making the envelope of the tent so adaptable, the range of climates in which its occupants can be comfortable, are considerably extended. The tent cloth is raised to let in the warm breezes and in midsummer the tent cloth becomes a sun shade and as a pump to pull the fresh air into space. This paper, however, gives an account of an investigation of the performance of this traditional space in the city of Ilam, according to its ability to creating comfortable condition by letting fresh air into tent. The city of Ilam is located in the west of Iran, and it lies at 1319 meters above sea level on latitude 33 38 N and 46 26 E longitude. Ilam is in the Zagros region which is one of the four major parts of Iran. In this city the temperature difference between summer and winter and also between day and night is great, so that is creates an environmental conflict. Two months in the winter and five months in the year are periods featuring rather harsh conditions as cold and hot respectively. During the critical summer months many people moved from their place to another for achieving thermal comfort. Because of this, they are using tent as a home. It seems that the features of traditional form of black tents reflect the delight of regional and visual/aesthetic values, mainly related to culture and climate. Inside the tent, cross ventilation is considered as the main feature to achieving comfort, giving fresh air across the body to reduce perspiration. The movement of air is more noticeable when solar radiation is under consideration.

There are explicit suggestions in Mr. Pirnia’s teachings on the traditional Iranian architecture that refers to a so-called “Iranian Golden Rectangle”, especially when he speaks about Iranian houses. He calls a rectangle circumscribed in a regular hexagon the Iranian Golden Rectangle. This rectangle has a ratio of length to width of 1.732 or √3. He indicates that Iranian architects used to use this rectangle widely when designing central courtyards of houses and the rooms surrounding the courtyards as well. He claimed more exactly that the courtyards and the rooms getting light from their longer side have the ratio of this rectangle, while the rooms getting light from their shorter sidehave the ratio of half of this rectangle i.e. 1.154. He didn’t give any further explanation or examples for his claims. There have been some other well-known scholars who have repeated this statement within their writings again without presenting convincing evidence. This article aims to test this hypothesis in traditional houses of Yazd city. The most important reason why to choose Yazd is that it was the birthplace of Mr. Pirnia where he lived for several years. So, it seems probable that his opinion of Iranian Golden Rectangle was shaped as a result of his attitude to this city’s architecture. In order to accomplish this research two sets of samples were gathered. One set consisted of architectural drawings of 17 houses that were obtained consultingtwo reliablepublished resources. The other was provided using the oldest aerial photos of Yazd city taken in 1957. From these photos the ratios of 166 courtyards were extracted. Next, a statistical analysis was done to test the hypotheses set forth by Mr. Pirnia. Assuming that the ratio of lengths to widths are distributed symmetrically around a constant figure and follow a normal distribution, a statistical analysis was done.The results of this test clearly rejected Mr. Pirnia’s hypotheses. Then the authors’ analysisis set forth. To come to a real understanding of the way the architects determined the ratio of the spaces of houses one should consider the real context within which the architects accomplished their projects and the many limitations they should dealt with that made it unjustifiable to insist on using oneinvariable ratio. After scrutinizing the diagrams of ratios produced,the author’s deduction is that there were some preferred ratios that architects attempted to stay close to when designing specific spaces of houses. They believe that architects used to use some simple "arithmetical"ratios e.g. six to five or eight to fivein order to reach this aim rather than using more complicated "geometrical" schemes.Besides, there is some historical evidence regarding the methods Iranian architects used to use when designing the horizontal plan of buildings that approves this conclusion. At the end of this article some suggestions are made for furtherfuture research on the pre mentioned statements of Mr. Pirnia and also concerning some findings of current research.