فصلنامه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی محیط زیست
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1391)

Ecotourism is economic activity that minimizes environmental impacts and at the same time, generates incomes for local communities. Ecotourism continues to become a management strategy for protected areas. Khan- Gormaz protected area with about 10,000 hectares surface area is situated in Hamadan province in Iran. This research has been conducted during 2001 through 2008. To identify and define ecologic resources of the region, digital maps were used and on this basis the topology situations of studied area have been accomplished. Kham- Gormaz protected area has different species of plants, mammals, reptiles and birds. The most mammal population belongs to wild sheep and the second abundance is related to wild goat. This region has 6 permanent springs and there are 16 villages around the region. All villages are located in the border area of the region. The main business of these villagers is related to farming, gardening and animal husbandry.Since management the Khan- Gormaz protected area is very important, it is highly recommended that consultant of Khan-Gormaz protected area management plan should accelerate to complete and approve the guideline for the preparation of management plans for the studied area. The management plan should also set a carrying capacity for ecotourism.

Treatment processes includes screens, rapid & slow Mix,sedimentation,filtration & disinfection. In Jallalieh water treatment plant,5000 m3of sludge produce in different units per year and approximately 3,000,000 m3of fresh water is wasted for washing sand filters and other equipment’s. by upgrading the process through the appropriate usage of coagulants and precipitating the spend waters of washing filter in sedimentation tanks for reusing it or recycling them as raw water to plants. it can be saved a considerable cost for sludge treatment and removal and production of raw water.Jar tests Results shows that by using c as Magnafloc as coagulant aid and Ferric Chloride as coagulant it can be saved up to 14 million Rials for transportation & disposal of sludge and 2.8 Billion Rials in purchasing chemical substances per year.The total of this cost saving can be estimated over 2.94 Billion Rials per year.For reduction in raw water usage and preserving water resources it can be constructed new Tanks with volume of 1660 m3 for treating filters spent water for reuse in floor washing or site green spaces irrigation or recycling it to the start point of treatment as raw water.

The 506 Km – length- Isfahan -Shiraz railway and approximately 125 Km – sub line -passes through Shah-reza, Saadat shahr, Marvdasht and Oqlid and stops at the city of Shiraz.About 6 km of this line cross the Bamoo National Park and 60km of it passes through the Basiran Protected Area. As a result the main purpose of this study is to recognize the risk factors and environmental risks along the way.To this point, after analyzing different methods of risk assessment of railway lines and their combination in order to cover all purposes, In order to screen risk factors, has been used Delphi method.As a result in this study, By using of Delphi method,among 56risk factors that these are divided in 5 categories:technical factors,Environment,humane,polluter and another factors,22factors select as most important risk factors.high speed, passing through Basiran protected area and Bamoo national park,noise pollution near study area,operator error and Etc. are examples of most important risk factors.At last,control measurement has been introduced for mitigation environmental risk.

Today with increasing urbanization process and Expansion of urban life, the cities that preserve the components of sustainable development are more needed. In this regard, creating ideas and developing sustainable cities and pushing the cities to sustainability especially in developed countries are in progress. A sustainable city is cities that have good balance between the welfare of the people, economy and environment and preserve resources for future generations in addition to meeting the needs of today's citizens. Sustainable cities are benefit for today's world and are also beneficial to the future world; the main goals of sustainable cities are environmental protection, providing more effective and more efficient services, more welfare and public health. Environmental protection is the most basic component of sustainable cities. In this study at first an introduction about urban sustainable development is offered then environmentally principles of sustainable cities were developed in several countries according to this survey the main topics of environmental management in sustainable cities examined in the six categories: Urban design and its relationship with outdoor activities, ecology and management of urban green space, sustainable management of transport, architecture and Building Management, energy Management, Waste and Wastewater Management. After that samples of sustainable environmental management and important activities in some cities are presented in this study also the ranking of sustainable cities in some developed countries base on urban sustainability indicators in those countries was reviewed.

Bandare- Anzali is the second most populated city in the province of Gilan and is known as one of the important tourism attraction centers of the country, so that large number of tourists enters this city every year. Due to these, the project of Anzali bypass road construction is one of the most prioritized projects in this state. The aim of this research is to study ecotourism development, due to the Anzali bypass road construction. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method has been used for this purpose. In this method a hierarchy system has been made that contains 4 levels. The first level is the object (Choosing the best alternative for ecotourism development), the second level is factors (Geographical factors, natural and environmental factors, social-cultural factors and economical factors), the next level is sub factors, and the last level is alternatives (bypass road construction, construction by environmental reforms and changes in the route, no bypass road construction). In this research we have used Expert Choice software for analyzing the expert’s opinions. After the final analysis, the result obtained that the construction by environmental reforms and changes in the route is the best alternative by 44.8% followed by bypass road construction by 30.5% and the last priority is no bypass road construction by 24.7%. The rate of inconsistency is 0.01 and is acceptable. Then we have mentioned suggestions and solutions for reaching sustainable ecotourism in the region.

Direct Reduction Unit(DRI) located in the middle part of the steel production process, reducing the use of natural gas, iron ore pellets and iron reduce becomes the spongy form. One way of producing sponge iron by direct reduction method is Midrex Technologies. The purpose of this study was to identify, classify, and manage waste in the construction and operation of these projects. This descriptive and analytical study- which is a cross-sectional analysis was performed To Solid Waste management on steel direct reduction plant Required data in this research were obtained through filling questioners, interviewing managers and experts, field visit and review of available reports and documents. The internal and external factors located in SWOT matrix and results from internal and external evaluation matrix were compared pair-wise and four strategies of SO, WO, ST and WT were determined. Based on the results obtained, the wastes can be divided into 3main- groups of industrial solid waste (metal, glass, construction and masonry and so on) Hazardous waste(Nickel) and House-hold solid wastes. In this research, the final score of the organization in IFE matrix is equal to 2.73 indicating a fair situation with respect to the internal factors. The final score of EFE Matrix is equal to 2.90 indicating a indicating a fair situation with respect to the external factors. Based on our results, the best strategy for waste management were prioritized based on its management strategies, including separation and segregation at source, collection and transport classification and storage, disposal, sale, recycling, education and awareness on waste management recommended. Also results of QSPM matrix shows, Most attractive about SO strategy, namely to become a green industry with the necessary facilities in order to prevent waste from entering the environment. Use of personal protective equipment, the lowest attractiveness can be WO strategy.

Already for a number of years “classical” programs for environmental monitoring are being supplemented by bio-indication measures. Here, investigations on living organisms or their remains (e.g. peat) are used to indicate the environmental situation in either qualitative (bio-indication) or quantitative (bio-monitoring) terms. This provides pieces of information on environmental burdens of a region at a given point of time or on its changes with time (trend analysis). Classical bio-indication often deals with observation and measurements of chemical compound (both inorganic and organic ones) in well-defined bio-indicator plants or animals (including man). In terms of analytical procedures and results there are parallel developments between progresses in bio-indication and innovation in analytical methods. After some 30 years of development in bio-indication there are now following lines of further development: 1) more frequent inclusion of multi-element total analyses for a thorough investigation of mutual correlations in the sense of the Biological System of Elements, 2) more work on (analytical) speciation issues to proceed into real effect-oriented environmental sciences, and 3) there should and must be a focus on integrative bio-indication methods because for a large number of environmental monitoring problems a single bio-indicator will not provide any meaningful information: a single bio-indicator is about as good as none at all. Integrative concepts such as the Multi-Marked Bio-indication Concept (MMBC) provide basic means to get into precautionary environmental protection effects drawing upon such a second-generation bio-indication methodology. A selected bio-monitoring case study of Switzerland illustrates the new methodologies.

The Persian Gulf is a pollutant sea due to the development of oil and gas extraction activities by littoral countries. The oil and gas exploring and extraction activities are mostly against the environmental standards which usually cause water pollution. The purpose of this study is to survey pollutants, parameters and compounds of seawater and sea sediments within the PSEEZII in Kangan Township. The research method of this study includes field operations, control and data analysis that the field operation was conducted in April of 2011. Marine experiments includethe physical- chemical parameters of water column that were assessed by the CTD machine, at 15 stations from surface to seabed (at the depth of 2m, 6m, 8m and 15m). The operation of measurement was started by a hunting vessel. In every station, the depth of water was measured by handy digital bathometers and after proving the depth, the location of station was recorded and saved by the GPS machine. Every physicochemical feature of water was 3 times repeatedly assessed. To measure physical and chemical parameters of water in South Pars Phase 12 in considered stations, CTD machine Ocean Seven 316 Model, made by the Idronaut Company of Italy was used. Recording the physical and chemical characteristics of water can help to process study the Dispersion of water pollutantsin Persian Gulf and is a good evidence of marine environment situation before the operation the PSEEZII.