نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 11 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

In order to study the efficiency of biological fertilizer consumption in rice fields, an experiment was conducted in 2011 as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments consisted of mycorrhyza in two levels of inoculation and lack of inoculation and four rice cultivars (unknown, Ali Kazemi, Hasan Saraie and Tareme Hashemi). The results of analysis of variance showed highly significant difference in yiled and yiled components the number of seeds, height and length of the main panicule. Biological fertilizer inoculation lead to significant increase in yield and also yield components, so that the highest yield has been related to the interaction treatment of anonymous cultivar and mycorrhiza fungi and produced yield was more than 6.08 t/ha. In general the results of this experiment showed that fertilizering rice with mycorrhiza can lead to improving rice nutrition and this can increase yield and other agronomic traits of this plant.

In order to consider the effects of nitrogen and weeds interference (pigweed and lambsquarter) on the sunflower growth and biomass production, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Fasa Township in 2010. The experimental design was completely randomized block with factorial treatment arrangements, replicated three times. The first factor, was the 3 levels of nitrogen (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha) and the second factor was the competition of sunflower and weeds in 5 levels including a pure sunflower only without weeds and 2 levels of corn and weeds intercropping (pigweed and lamsquarter) and 2 levels of pure weeds. The results showed that nitrogen application increased shoot biomass of sunflower, but by increasing weeds density, shoot biomass of sunflower decreased. Increase of nitrogen in different levels of sunflower and lambsquarter, benefited the sunflower, because it increased shoot biomass, but in various pigweed densities, 46kg nitrogen application treatment of the accumulation increased the sunflower shoot weight. But applying 92 kg nitrogen decreased sunflower shoot biomass. In fact, it expresses that C4 plants react to Nitrogen more positively. Increasing nitrogen caused increase of sun flower root in all nitrogen levels.C4 weeds were more competitive with the increase of nitrogen level, but in lower levels of nitrogen C3 plants were more successful. Lambsquarter was more competitive for soil sources, especially in the higher nitrogen levels. With the increase of weed accumulations, the ratio of root to shoot increased. Sunflower chlorophyll index in pure and mixed culture with lambsquarter was not significantly affected. But Chlorophyll indices of sun flower and pigweed decreased. Chlorophyll index was independent of weed density but the level of chlorophyll was affected by culture types.The PRY index decreases with the increase of weed density. In the mix of sun flower and lambsquarter the PRY in lambsquarter was lower than that of sun flower and in the mix of sun flower and pigweed the amount of PRY was higher for pigweed.

In order to determine the best identifying indices of drought tolerance on 20 lines of chickpea, two separate experiments were conducted in two regions of research field in Dryland agriculture institute(Sararod) and Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch Research Station in 2007 and 2008 growing season. The 20 new released genotypes were tested using a randomized complete block design under two irrigated (non stress) and rainfed (stress) conditions. Quantitive drought tolerance and susceptibility indices such as Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Yield Stability Index(YSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Harmonic Mean (HM) and Superiority Measure (Pi) based on yield in stress and non stress conditions were calculated. Results showed that MP, MH, GMP, STI, are the most suitable criteria for screening drought resistant genotypes. Cluster analysis of genotypes based on the above characteristics, indicates that they are classified into three major groups, three genotypes 7, 8 and 11 (Azad, ILC.482 and ILC.1799) located in the same group which presented Drought-resistant genotypes.

Because of the lack of micro fertilizer in farm grain tillage, determining suitable level, time, and method to improve agriculture, is very important. To investigate sowing date and the effect of the micro nutrient (Fe and ZnSO4) on wheat grain yield and yield components, a split plot experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in Arsanjan region in 2009-2010. Sowing date (21 November, 6 and 21 December) was intended as main factor and control level without use of micro fertilizer and 10, 20 Kg Fe and 40, 80 Kg ZnSO4 as the secondary factor. Adding Fe in sooner sowing date, number of grain in spike, number of spike in square meter, grain yield and biologic yield, increased 4.2, 1.6, 1.3, 2.2 and 1.4 times respectively increased comparing with one month sowing delayed and not using micro fertilizer. Also, similar results were obtained by using 80 kg/ha ZnSO4. More consumption of micronutrient fertilizers in later sowing to some extent can compensate damage resulted from planting delays.

Zinc deficiency through the reduction in auxin production and photosynthesis, reduces growth and grain yield of wheat. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of zinc sulphate on growth and development of wheat cultivars in Eghlid agriculture research during 2007– 2008. The experiment was conducted in a split plot layout within a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plot consisted of three levels (0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1) of zinc sulphate (36% Zn) and the sub-plots were Zarin, Alvand and Shahriar wheat cultivars. The result showed that increasing the Zinc sulphate levels caused meaningful increasing in the biomass, leaf biomass, shoot, ear, biomass total in earing, grain yield (GY), total biomass and harvest index (HI). Zarin and Alvand cultivars significantly produced higher leaf biomass, shoot, ear, biomass total in earing, grain yield, total biomass and harvest index (HI) than Shahriar. Increasing Zinc sulphate levels and cultivars didnt have any effect on development stages. In this study the highest growth and grain yield (kgha-1) were 10040 and 10030 kg ha-1 by using the 60 kg ha-1 of zinc sulphate in Alvand and Zarin cultivars respectively. This rate of zinc sulphate application and Alvand and Zarin cultivars might be suitable for wheat production under conditions similar to this study.

To determine the effect of planting density on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), an experiment was conducted in Ghir - Karzin, in 2011- 2012. This research was done in a factorial experiment in RCBD. Factors included 4 levels of row spacing (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) and 3 plant spacings (5, 10 and 15 cm). Results showed that by increasing the distance between rows from 20 to 50 cm height and biological yield decreased. But increasing the distance between the rows, increased the number of seeds per pod, pods per plant 1000-grain weight, number of branches, harvest index and grain yield. Increasing the distance of rows on plants from 5 to 15 cm decreased height, harvest index and grain yield, but increased the number of branches, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant and 1000-grain weight. The interaction of row spacing and plant row was not significant in any of the characters. Finally, it seems that to achieve a higher performance we should increase the distance between rows and decrease the distance between the plants on rows.

Understanding the relationship between vegetation and soil is one of the most important parameters to determine the proper location for reclamation and management of natural resource and ecosystem. To learn about the effect of soil properties on distribution of Tamarix ramossisima established in dams filled with wastes of processing factory in Iran Central Iron Ore Company of Bafgh, the information about the vegetation cover and plant density in three dams filled with wastes were collected after fulfilling the dehydrating. After drilling 12 profiles (4 profiles per dam) accidentally, distribution of soil grain (clay, silt, and sand) namely, organic carbon, lime, gypsum, pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, No3, SAR, and total N were determined in the laboratory. The result of Kruskal Wallis Test demonstrated that three dams have significant differences at the first depth for No3, Mg, Na, SAR, and EC and at the second depth for lime, Mg, Na, K, SAR, and EC. Principal components analysis (PCA) on 32 variables indicated that the first axis included EC at the second depth, No3 at the first and second depths, P at the second depth, sand and silt at the second depth, clay at the first depth, SAR at the second depth, gypsum at the first depth, Ca, Na, Mg, K at the second depth explain 56.6% of the variations and the second axis included EC at the first depth, P at the first depth, lime at the second depth, organic carbon at the first depth, total N at the second depth, silt at the first depth, clay at the second depth, and Ca, Mg, and K at the first depth explain 43.3% of the variations. The results show that more availability of calcium, silt, and organic carbon at the first depth and total N, lime at the second depth caused more establishment of Tamarix ramossisima. In addition, more availability of EC, P, Mg, and K at the first depth and clay at the second depth caused poor establishment of Tamarix ramossisima in waste dam of production plants.

Determination of forage quality is one of the main factors required for proper, systematic and comprehensive management of rangelands. This can help range managers to choose suitable plant for animal feeding. The most effective factor on forage quality is the growth stage which determines the proper time of livestock grazing or forage harvesting in range. Also, range species quality changes in different sites. Therefore, this research carried out to investigate nutritive value of Prangos Ferulacea in two regions of Fars: Sepidan and Kazerun, at three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and seed ripening). At each stage of phenology, 5 replications and in each replication 4 plants were selected randomly, and samplings from the aerial shoots were conducted. After drying and grinding, samples were analyzed by chemicals to determine the quality traits including crude protein (CP), Acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestibility (DMD), metabolic energy (ME), digestible energy (DE), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan test, using SPSS software. Results showed that the forage quality in this species decreased with growth stages increasing. Based on the comparison betweenPrangos Ferulacea and other forage species, this species can be used for animal feeding. Contrary to the expectations, the species quality in Kazerun is better than Sepidan. Considering the forage quality changes, the late of vegetative stage and the early of flowering stage are the best times for gazing or harvesting in both sites.