فصلنامه تحقیقات تولیدات دامی
سال دوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1392)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gamma and electron irradiation on protein degradation parameters of cottonseed, sunflower, soybean and canola meals using NorFor system. The meals were processed by gamma and electron irradiation each at doses of 25, 50 and 75 kGy. Soluble crude protein (sCP) measured in vitro and both potentially degradable crude protein (pdCP) and fractional degradation rate of pdCP (kdCP) were mature determined in situ for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours of rumen incubation by three ruminally fistulated bulls. Gamma ray (GR) at dose of 75 kGy had the most effect on reducing sCP content of cottonseed, sunflower, soybean and canola meals (63.52, 133.22, 58.74 and 119.20 g kg-1 CP, respectively).The highest level of pdCP in cottonseed (656.41 and 759.50 g kg-1 CP respectively), canola (790.91 and 768.39 g kg-1 CP, respectively) and soybean (847.49 and 858.89 g kg-1 CP, respectively) meals was belong to the dose of kGy of GR and electron beam (EB), While in sunflower meal just the dose of 25 kGy of GR resulted in a significant increase (P<0.001) in pdCP compared to control (706.21 vs 540.25 g kg-1 CP). Results showed a high similarity between NorFor and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Utilization of NorFor system is recommended to animal nutritionists, because of facility of NorFor system in comparison to CNCPS.

Fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) of summer and winter seasons were collected once per season and their chemical compositions were measured in laboratory. Rumen degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) and acid detergent insoluble fiber (ADF) were measured with incubation of 5 grams of dry FVW or alfalfa hay (AH) samples in the rumen of three fistulated ram using nylon bags for 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours with three replicates. Crude protein (17.85% versus 15.00%), NDF (37.85% versus 34.66%) and ADF (28.80% versus 25.12%) were greater in summer FVW than winter ones. Dry matter intake (12.57 and 13.13% versus 92%), organic matter (83.90 and 84.20% versus 94%), NDF (37.85 and 34.66% versus 48%) and ADF (28.80 and 25.12% versus 34.10%) were lower in summer and winter FVW compared with alfalfa, but crude protein (17.85% versus 15.00 and 15.05%) and non-fiber carbohydrates (33.53% versus 27.14 and 29.96%) were greater in summer and winter FVW than alfalfa, respectively. There were no significant differences between summer and winter FVW for ruminal degradation parameters. In all ruminal incubation times, the degradabilities of organic matter and ADF were greater and lower in FVW compared with alfalfa, respectively. The results of this experiment indicated that FVW could be used successfully in the diet of mature sheep, but special attention should be taken towards the type of FVW and season.

Effect of feed restriction on important economic traits, digestive enzymes and digestibility of mulberry leaves was studied in the 1650 forth instar of silkworm larvae. After mass-reared of first three larval instars, 15 trays of 4th instar of silkworms were reared separately including four treatment plus control (T1). Dietary restriction treatments were one-third (T2) and two-third(T3) of feed requirements starting from fourth and one-third (T3) and two-third(T4) starting from fifth larval instar. Digestibility of mulberry leaves was measured in each instar separately. Protease, lipase and α-amylase activities were determined on 4th day of 5th instar in 10 silkworm larvae. The results showed the activity of enzymes protease, lipase and amylase in T2 were 16.49, 47.8 and 211.7 and in T3: 15.76, 47.1 and 408.3, which were all more than T1: 8.16, 23 and 10 μM/min/mg respectively (P<0.05). The activity of enzymes protease and lipase in T4 were 16.77 and 55.1 and in T5: 14.37 and 65.5 μM/min/mg that was more than control (P<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter intake in T2 and T4 were 48.26 and 41.29%, which were more than T1: 39.85% significantly (P<0.05). Due to food restriction treatments the weight of wet cocoons and the weight of pupae decreased but cocoon shell weight did not change significantly (P<0.05). These results indicated that whenever the mulberry leaves feeding is restricted; while the larval duration increases, the activity of digestive enzymes could increase to digest most of feed effectively and produce the required silk protein for cocooning.

In order to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with meat meal in protein supplements on egg laying, larva and honey production 20 honeybee hives were used. At first stage of the experiment, characteristics (egg laying, larva and honey production) were recorded and then honey bees were fed with control supplement (based on soybean meal 13.1%, honey 3.3%, sugar powder 65.4%, low fat dried milk 2%, egg yolk 0.8%, baking yeast 2%, water 13.1%, apple vinegar 0.3% and TNT supplement 0.1%) and control supplement included 3, 4.5, 6 and 7.5 % meat meal and then recording of parameters were done continuously in four periods of 21 days. The results showed that maximum rate of egg production (1834.3 egg) was observed at treatment that included 3% meat meal and minimum rate (1187.6 egg) was for treatment that included 7.5% meat meal (P<0.05). Treatments that included 3 and 4.5% meat meal had the highest honey yield (6721.3 cm2) and larva production (1804.9 larva) respectively. Therefor using meat meal at the levels of 3 and 4.5% increased honey and egg production.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in- Ovo injection of beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyrate and glucose on intestinal morphology and growth performance of broiler chickens. On day 18 of incubation 400 Ross 308 breeder fertile eggs were weighed and distributed into 4 treatments in a completely randomized design. 1 ml of an in-Ovo fed solution including: 1) 150 g glucose in 5 g/l Nacl(GLU), 2) 1 g beta hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate in 5g/l Nacl (HMB)and 3) 5g/l NaCl was injected into amniotic fluid of eggs(PC). The control group remained non-injected (NC). Upon hatch, chicks were weighed and transferred to the experimental house and reared to 42 days. Feed intake and daily gain were recorded and FCR was calculated based on observed data. Glucose and HMB lead to significant reduction in hatchability (P<0.05). Hatched chicks Body weight and body weight to egg weight ratio produced from treated eggs were significantly higher than that control (P<0.05), though FCR remained with no significant difference. In ovo administration of glucose and HMB appeared with no significant differences on FCR. On day 21 post-hatch, compared to control group, villi height and surface area of hatched chicks from egg injected with glucose and HMB, lead to significantly increase(P<0.05).Conclusion was that, in- Ovo injection of Glucose and HMB can improve post-hatch chick performance and development parameters such as: day old chick weight, chick to egg weight ratio as well as broiler chicken intestinal morphology.

To our knowledge, there is no report about concurrent occurrence of traumatic reticulopericarditis and nonpenetrating foreign bodies in calf and the aim of this case report is to show the importance of them in calf. A dead, male Holstein cross calf was referred to Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University for necropsy. The necropsy was performed and for histopathological study, issue samples were taken from visceral organs. Macroscopically, ascitic fluid with strands of fibrin was observed in the abdominal cavity. The reticulum wall had necrohemorrhagic foci. There were numerous fibrous adhesions among reticulum, liver and diaphragm. Non-penetrating foreign bodies were found in the rumen. A large quantity of yellowish, foul-smelling fluid with caseous necrotic materials was observed in the pericardial sac. The pericardium and epicardium were greatly thickened and fused to each other by fibrous connective tissue. Microscopically, hyperemia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, fibrin fibrils, necrotic tissues and proliferation of connective tissue were seen in the reticulum wall, liver surface, pericardium, and epicardium. The results of this study show that the potential risk of TRP and non-penetrating foreign bodies should be taken into consideration for young animals such as a five-month-old calf to prevent economic losses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reciprocal crosses in the F2 generation of an intercross between two strains of Japanese quails. White (S) and wild (W) Japanese quail strains were crossed reciprocally and 31 F1 birds were generated. The white male × wild female and wild male × white female reciprocal crosses produced 17 SW and 14 WS progenies in F1 generation, respectively. The SW males were intercrossed to WS females, and WS males were intercrossed to SW females producing 157 SWWS and WSSW F2 offspring, respectively, in five consecutive hatches. Body weights of the SWWS and WSSW F2 birds at hatch and weekly weights until five weeks of age and carcass traits were recorded. The statistical model included the fixed effects of sex, hatch, reciprocal cross and random effects of sire, dam within sire and the residuals. The SWWS F2 progeny were heavier at 35 days of age (14.2 g) and produced heavier carcass (10.4 g) than the WSSW birds (P<0.01). The proportion of the F2 phenotypic variance explained by the reciprocal cross for live weights ranged between 3.0 to 19.0% (for W1 and W0, respectively) while the proportion of the variance due to the effect of reciprocal cross for carcass traits ranged from 0.9 to 16.1% for carcass fatness and cold carcass weight, respectively. The magnitude of the reciprocal cross substitution effects was similar in both males and females (P>0.05). The results suggested that the reciprocal cross effects observed in the F2 population derived from crossing of the two Japanese quail strains is likely due to the maternal effects or differences in the mitochondrial DNA.