فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1392)

Nowadays the issue of management is deeply important because of limited facilities and unlimited humans needs. In other word، having a developed society involves application of a systematic and powerful management system. Management is a practice of utilizing all available resources to obtain the defined goals. Rural development management can be defined as the activity and process of managing the development process in the rural areas. Most of the problems in context of development in Iran are resulted from the rural areas، actually. Having more than 65000 villages and concentrating of more than 85 percent of natural resources in the areas made rural as the key element for taking step toward development. Besides، achieving to the national and urban development goals is depended on development of rural areas. Therefore، from the past until nowadays، there have been different forms of rural systems in Iran. But this management system has failed to lead to development in the areas. Rural management system in Iran from the past to the present was faced with numerous structural and functional challenges. It seems we need to establish coordination between internal and external forces and factors affecting rural development by applying systemic approach to conductive rural management system and conduct it in a positive direction. This study seeks to survey the most important strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats facing Iranian villages by surveying experts and researchers and then by using of strategic planning framework formulating the appropriate strategies for development of rural management system in Iran. methodology in this study regarding the nature of the research is descriptive-analytic. Based on the nature of management studies، the needed data and documents are collected by both library and survey methods. The main techniques in this article are strategic planning. Strengths، Weaknesses، Opportunities، Threats (SWOT) is the first step of planning and it helps planners to focus on key subjects. SWOT method is a key tool used in businesses to formulate strategic plans. SWOT matrix comprises four strategic groups: How strengths are used to take advantage of opportunities. How weaknesses are reduced by taking advantage of opportunities. How strengths are used to reduce the impact of threats. How weaknesses that will make these threats a reality are addressed. This research analysize the internal and external factors and the indices affecting the rural environment and rural management development. The results of this research show that the main challenges in the rural management in Iran include such a following options: Having no experiences in rural in the context of newly management systems (rural councils and dehyariha) Continuously changing structure of rural management development in the past few decades Having no favorite management in rural systems Multiplicity of agencies and organizations involved in rural affairs Up to down planning and management systems The lock of devolution of necessary powers from central government to rural councils The following capacities and opportunities exist in the rural areas: Having immense experience in the contexts of traditional rural management models Having enough bachground on the context of culture of public participation and assignment of a wide range of tasks to the local management such a rural councils signing protocols between the various government organizations and rural councils and dehyariha to create common ground for solving facing problems and challenges Totally، developing the management systems of rural areas in Iran can be traced back from social، cultural، economical، and administrative factors. Hence، the following strategies are proposed: The first strategy is empowerment and capacity building of village leaders and local institutions. The second strategy is re-organization and recreation of structural- institutional dimension of rural management systems. The third strategy is development of participatory management and assignment of authority، control and management of rural development to the local managers، officials and local institutes (including Islamic rural councils، Dehyariha and other NGOs). The fourth strategy is developing and financing of infrastructure، services، and required equipment for local and other agencies. The fifth strategy is development of network management systems and increasing rural managers and community skills by providing educational processes and transforming of new technologies and methods and finally by teaching new models and techniques of rural management and experiences to the managers.

Stability and survival of rural communities for the residents without productive and profitable engagement is impossible. In this context the emergence of rural entrepreneurship is inevitable. Today، one of the most important strategies for rural development is attention to the entrepreneurial spirit among the villagers and farmers. Thus entrepreneurship can improve quality of life، better distribution of income and optimize utilization of resources by creating employments - that have an important role in the economic development of rural area- and reduce unwanted immigration and cause rural development and rural empowerment. Main problem to reach to this goal is preparing the context in the rural society. The shawl district is part of the rural community in the Buin Zahra town ship، In stability due to ecological conditions، such as drought and recent consequences such as lack of water، low water levels in wells in this area are an important source of is Poor soil (soil is saline and alkaline)، not to increase the cultivation and use of modern agricultural machinery due to fragmentation of agricultural land and low level of productivity and lack income… Faced is with Weakness in the agricultural foundations and this is not able to provide economic and social indicators for rural development and also the problem of unemployment، especially youth unemployment، increasing rural -urban migration and youth trends in the delinquency، Which this is leading to the village evacuation in most cases، and Integration is in the nearby villages، Finally، This is causing enlargement of the villages and the shortage of proportional to the population facilities which leads to unemployment –and they will the problems that were mentioned. This is present research trying to find reasonable and appropriate responses for the following questions: 1. Are there located the capacities of villages for development of entrepreneurship rural in good conditions? 2. Which have the capacities and the fields (personal، economic، social، infrastructure) the greatest impact on the development of entrepreneurship in the area? 3. What are the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic of empowerment? The aim of this research is evaluating of capacities of rural areas for entrepreneurship and empowerment of rural residents by using documentary and field study، through descriptive - analytical research method. Data was collected by questionnaire، interview and direct observation. The 196 households living in the shawl county and local authority was selected as samples. The Spss software and descriptive statistics (Median، mean، variance، and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (Path analysis، correlation analysis، one- sample t -test، Friedman، chi2) were used to analyzing the data.

Is it possible to explore for qualitative concept of «goodness» about rural settlements، to find acceptable norms and indicators? In order to answer this question، this research sought to identify the characteristics of «good village» based on rural student''s perceptions. This is after understanding the common aspects of a good village and adjustment of semantic differences between rural students and experts of rural planning and development. Experts of planning and development of rural settlements such as geographers، sociologists، economists، architects and designers in their professional knowledge and practices apply concepts that might be different in comparison with popular concepts among the public. According to principle of semantic differences، we are making efforts to purify rural student perceptions about characteristics of «good village». It seems natural that there are different attitudes about a «good village» in various conditions of economic، social، historical، cultural، environmental، political، administrative، and degree of development. Literature review of this research show that until now the concept of «good village» was not as a known model in academic studies in the fields of rural planning and development. But in the context of idealized، appropriate or utopian settlements there are well-known models، such as: «Ideal Village»، «Model Village»، «Healthy Village»، «Sustainable Village Model (SVM)»، and «Eco-village». The Ideal Village Concept is a community village with a self-sustaining income producing projects، independent electrification system generated from non-fuel based device، clean water facility for drinking including water for irrigation، quality but affordable housings، school، medical facilities for human beings and animals، proper sanitation system، information center، bank، police station، retail outlet for household and agriculture needs، phone facility، connecting roads to nearby villages،towns، and legal councilor. The model village concept aims at empowering communities to take charge of their health and take action for prevention and treatment of common diseases and health situations. A healthy village project promotes local actions by community members، mobilizing human and financial resources to build healthy environments and promote healthy behaviors. It covers topics such as water and sanitation drainage، waste management، housing quality، domestic and community hygiene، and provision of health services، providing extensive source materials for adaptation to local needs and conditions. Sustainable village is a model in which appropriate green technology and local resources are used to improve livelihoods by meeting basic needs and providing the opportunity for micro-business growth and development. The goals of Sustainable Villages are: promote economic growth; protect the environment; foster a strong community; and improve the quality of life. Eco-villages offers inspiring examples of how people and communities can live healthy، cooperative، genuinely happy and have meaningful lifestyles. Innovative and exploratory approach of this research necessitates using of qualitative methodology. This research carried out in Karafs Village in Razan Township، Hamedan Province. Population of the research is rural students (male and female) in guidance school and high school. This was selected by total sampling method. Students asked to express their perceptions of a «good village». In other words، tell us what is a good village? For this purpose، «essay writing» is used as a technique for the method of constant comparative analysis that innovate Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in relation to grounded theory. According to this theory the process of collecting and analyzing data encompasses three phases including open coding، axial coding، and selective coding. Afterwards، based on the result of qualitative stage a Likert questionnaire was designed with qualitative categories. Goals of this stage were access to perceptions of rural students about a «good village» related to the village they live in، namely Karefs. Finally، one-sample t-test was used for analyzing questionnaire data. In the first stage of the research، 218 essays were obtained from students of Karafs Village. Writers of 108 essays (49. 54%) were boys and 110 essays were (50. 46%) girls. After three stages of data analysis including open coding، axial coding، and selective coding، 124 categories or characteristics of «good village» was identified. These characteristics in process of selective coding were classified in 18 general categories، detailed as follows: Job creation and Career Development (7 categories); Agriculture development (10 categories); Economic self-reliance (2 categories); Lifestyle (5 categories); quality of life (8 categories); Social capital (7 categories); Balanced urban-rural relations (8 categories); Lack of social problems (4 categories); Development of ICT (3 categories); Facilities and accessibility (15 categories); Modernity (9 categories); Environment (17 categories); Physical development (13 categories); Housing and architectural development (9 categories); Rural management (2 categories); Family cooperation (1 categories). Finally، result of second stage by questionnaire for assessing situation of Karafs in relation to student perceptions، show that in 3 categories including «lifestyle»، «social capital» and «family cooperation» the average of answers is above median، and in all of other 15 categories thisis less than median. New paradigm of development is concentrated on participatory and community-based approach. This emphasize on stakeholder''s requests and taking advantage of their participation in overall process of planning. Accordingly، in this research، the concept of «good village» has greatly paid attention to participant perceptions about that as desirable and favorable settlements. The result of this research reflects all aspects of the rurality. For attaining to «good village» conditions in Karafs it is necessary to achieve appropriate transformations in all aspects of the categories. However، any action towards the good village requires participation of majority of local people.

Today، environmental crises that human beings are faced with such as global warming، destruction of natural habitats، decrease of natural resources، increase of different sorts of pollution، growth of population and some other cases which influence human life are not deniable. Although human has tried to reduce these crises، it takes a long time to eradicate them. So، we have to become familiar with these threats and try to eradicate or at least reduce consequences and reduce their destructivity. Since these problems are just made by humans، the most effective solution for removing them is teaching in national levels and enhancing public culture and awareness. In other words، we need to make environmental awareness a part of society knowledge. In this way environmental problems become public worries. Here، the awareness and attitude of young generations has considerable importance; because they are those suffering from the consequences of environmental destruction that caused by us and they should find a proper solution for this problem. As future leaders of society and as supporters of the health of the environment as the only source which can satisfy human needs، it is necessary for all children and teenagers to know about the environment and how human activities lead to its destruction and the decrease of its quality. In other words، restoration of natural resources and environment should begin with basic instruction of children to cause public contributing in this field. This is the most serious and the most effective way of battling against the destruction of nature. Therefore، investigation about the level of awareness of the youth and their attitude is of considerable importance. This is because of two reasons: first in order to improve their behavior and second to get a basic level to start the instruction from. We have to find the answers of these questions: Do students know about the environment? If yes، how much is this knowledge? Where have they learned about the environment? And so on. To achieve this aim، we have to make a standard questionnaire. The method used in the present study is descriptive- analytic and the data were gathered by a questionnaire having 34 items in Likert scale. The questionnaire consists of four parts: 1- The recognition of the parts of environment 2- The recognition of environmental pollution 3- environmental attitudes and 4- The attitude toward protecting the environment. The questionnaire was prepared for two groups of students and teachers and parents in two different wordings. Population in this study consists of all secondary school students، both boys and girls، in villages of Jey، Esfahan، Iran. Through using Cochran formula and considering the population، sample size was estimated up to 380. In the present research، finally 400 students were chosen through classified sampling. Up to 150 parents and 150 teachers were also tested to investigate the level of their awareness with the students’ level of awareness. To make sure of the validity of the questionnaire، after preparation of the final form، it was given to some expert in the field and some ordinary individuals and the mean of their ideas were applied in the questionnaire to make it acceptable in terms of its validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured 0. 91 through a pilot test on 30 students using Cronbach''s alpha. In analysis of the data of the present research، Mann-withney، Kruskal- wallis، and Wilcoxon have been applied. The results show that the level of awareness of the groups about the environment (the means of students’ answers، and teachers/parents answers to 34 items) is appropriate، and this level is the highest for teachers (p<0. 05). To investigate the difference between the awareness of girl students and boy students of environmental issues Mann-withney test was used. The results show there is a significant difference between the awareness levels of these two groups in five percent significance (P< 0. 05). It was also found out that boys are more aware compared with girls. To investigate the effects of parents’ educational level on students’ awareness Kruskal- wallis test was used. To this end، four educational groups of 1- under diploma 2- diploma and associated degree 3- bachelor degree and 4- the post graduated degree were measured. The results of the test indicate that students are affected by the educational level of their parents considering environmental awareness (P<0. 05). In this project students’ awareness of environment were investigated in order to understand the training needs for future. Obviously، these estimates will help us to organize suitable educational systems to achieve a suitable culture at different levels of society. As it was mentioned، instruction about environment is of vital importance. So these instructions should be on top of educational plans. Emphasis on increasing training in childhood leads to creation of a sense of responsibility for the protection and proper use of resources and can become a path to achieving sustainable development goals.

studies about channels and marketing chains of agricultural products since 1990s are growing as one of the scientific and academic field. Economists، sociologists and experts of management course had participated in description and study of these cycles of agricultural production marketing. Inter organization relations is new phase of marketing that emphasis on assistance and participation of economic unit and institutions in this context. From the sociological viewpoint، searching in human relationship and organizational behaviors and using of technical perspectiveresult in emerging of marketing and chain branch. This concept is applied to the agricultural production marketing issues too. Studying of agricultural production marketing channels can be divided into three mainstreams. These streams are supply chain management، economic organization approach and channeling approach that underlining on multiple- relationships among institution and economic measures and marketing criteria. Experiments and Studies in different countries، introduce varying channels of agricultural production in spatial marketing particularly milk and dairy production in rural areas. In every of these channels there are determined elements and members for trading and changing of milk from producers to consumers. The purpose of this paper is to determine the most effective elements in the marketing process of milk among the prevalent channels. The indices of spatial mesh marketing are the most important criteria for successful planning and targeting in order to improve rural livelihood thatare based on agricultural and ranching activities. In such economies، identifying the effective indices in production mesh marketing form، can improve the trading activities of agricultural production and reduce deficiency of marketing phase. The main part of the phase must be due to spatial location of rural areas. Apparent gaps and losses in this field may cause farmers to focus on traditional and nonprofit channals، sake marketing of their agricultural production، without any attempt for identifying new and appropriate channels with the precise index that can improve the market of their production and develop the bestial economic of rural space. Thus، this paper try to develop and measur the reliability of effective indices in marketing of spatial channals of milk products in rural area. This is in order to planners and scholars in agricultural economic phase apply these indicesthat are approved by elites and experts of various fields (such as marketing، rural planning، agricultural economy، geoghraphy and…) in rural production and other agricultural production marketing. For achieving this purpose، we have used of descriptive- analytic approach through questionnaire data، observation and Field studies. Uppermost، 46 indices have been selected from theorical basis and had judjed by 50 elites and experts through questionnaire. Reliability assessment and elite and expert agreement have been obtained by using of Topsis technique and other rankings. For comparing the view of university elites with the experts in other organizations related to milk and agricultural production marketing،; U-mann whitney sample test has been used. The results of this study express that average of all indices is more than mediocrity and among variate dimensions، “underlies Dimension” or in other word، “producer (farmer) situation” in mesh marketing channels is the most important. The obtained weights of each index show that “dictance from city” with 0. 206 is the most important index and advers of it heating the milk has the lowest weight with 0. 0004. Ultimately، the result of U Mann whitney sample show that there are a consensus among elites and experts view in 46 indices، expect for “transporting way” index that hasnot been agreed by them. So، other indices are approved for the next surveys and practical activity in future. the result of this survey indicate that in the agricultural production marketing، especially in milk and dairy production، the spatial criteria and measurements have a hight and important effeciency. Unfortunately، in many researches this issue is disregarded. Spatial criteria as well as other criteria play a deterministic role in ontime delivery of milk and other products to local consumers، prosessoring factory and the other consumers. Similar to these factors، structure of market such as pricing، demend and offer of milk could influence on marketing channels. Many of research try to regard these factors separately. But in this paper، we try to consider all of theses dimensions to achieve a comprehensive pattern in milk marketing process. This helps us have an efficient market and producr in agricultural production and also in meeting the needs of all people. As well as، in this way، we can reduce the problems of traditional and semi industrial producers.

The fire services play a key role in safety issues for any country. The operations of the services have a high visibility since the public is aware of its own vulnerability and possibly vital reliance on the service. Firemen and women are rightly admired، particularly as their intervention may carry a risk to their own lives. More generally، this service comes at a considerable cost. The fire and as a result natural and man-made disasters are an integral part of the settlements. Safety and fire services in rural areas due to its proximity to rural farm lands، forest and grasslands with high fire potential is very important. Location of fire stations is an important factor in their ability to protect against fire. In the recent years، fire safety and service development is considered by the governor''s agenda. For this reason، one of the major concerns is the location of fire stations to provide services in minimum time required. This study aimed to assess the villages covered by fire services and locate new stations for full coverage of the villages of the county of ShirvanChrdavolin. Theories: Time is the critical element when an emergency is reported. Fire combustion can expand very rapidly in short period of time. Time is the critical factor for the rescue of occupants and the application of extinguishing agents to minimize loss. The time segment between fire ignition and the start of fire suppression has a direct relationship to fire loss. The delivery of emergency medical services is also time critical. Survival rates for some types of medical emergencies are dependent upon rapid intervention by trained emergency medical personnel. In most cases، the sooner trained fire or emergency medical rescue personnel arrive، the greater the chance for survival and conservation of property. Regardless of the speed of growth or length of burn time، all fires go through the same stages of growth. One particular stage emerges as very significant because it marks a critical change in conditions. It is called flashover. Measuring the time to flashover is a function of time and temperature. Fire growth occurs exponentially; that is، fire doubles itself every second of free burn that is allowed. This can be plotted on what is known as the time and temperature curve. There are a number of factors that determine when flashover may occur. These include the type of fuel، the arrangement of the fuels in the room، room size، and so on. Because these factors vary، the exact time to flashover cannot be predicted. Flashover can typically occur from less than 4 to beyond 10 minutes after free burning starts. The research was action research in that the information gathered was applied in a real-world context. Response times and distance were selected criteria for this study. A computer modeling approach was chosen for statistical accuracy when tabulating travel times and distances within various geographic areas of the zones serviced by Fire Stations. For this purpose، the combination of AHP and network analysis techniques and overlapping layers were used in ArcGIS environment. The architecture of the GIS is developed based on the concept of network. A network is defined as a set of points (known as nodes) and a set of arcs where each branch connects a pair of nodes. The GIS will help determine which is the shortest path from A to F by: (1) locating the nodes in a map، (2) measuring the distance of each arc، (3) measuring the distance of each path by combining the distances of the connected arcs for each path، and (4) comparing the paths to find the shortest path. Comprehensive GIS-based fire station site selection study can be the central component for a master plan for fire station locations. This plan can show both the efficiencies and deficiencies of current fire station coverage for a specified travel time and provide a model for future fire station coverage using the specified or other travel time standards. Statistical population of this paper was dehyaries and elites people in rural of ShirvanChrdavol County. Required data and maps were also collected and updated from the relevant executive agencies. Research results show that there are four urban fire stations and one rural fire station in the area under study that with a response time of 6 minutes only 19% of villages are covered by the stations. According to overlapping layers and reassessment of network analysis، 21 new Fire Stations were identified. According to Population and number of villages covered by each station، proposed stations were prioritized. In addition to identifying the location of the building in terms of locating fire stations، it should be considered within the context of rural physical structure.

Social trust is an important issue in development matter. It is a new mater and concept in development in general and rural development in particular. Dimensions of social trust are the most important purpose for bi-lateral and multi-lateral behaviors. People trust to each other to make relation and through this way they learnt that without participation and cooperation they cannot do their affairs. Absence of trust and participation in modern life can be resulted in decrees of political participation and low trust to take part in political institution، rise of alienation، and prefer private goods to common goods and dissatisfaction of common life. Social trust is an important part of social capital. By social capital، social trust، participation، social ties and etc. are constructed. Development is a process which needs participation، social trust and social capital. We can reach and get development by this factor. We can reach and get development by this factor in rural areas. If rural areas are developed then we can expect urban area to be developed. But if rural area doesn''t have good development process we shouldn’t expect have a good urban development. Today rural development has an important effect on national development. If in a certain country rural areas are developed، so we can say this country is developed but if the areas are not developed we can conclude this country is undeveloped. For rural development so much program were performed but much of them were not successful. Because they depend on money and this was the only effective variable. If rural development programs depend only on money، absolutely they are not successful. So we should search substitution alternatives. One of useful option is social trust. By social trust we can participate in rural program and participate in planning and decision making. If people participate in a program، they have a responsibility for that. Social trust is the main core of participation. . This paper is a survey – documental study. Dimensions of social trust are determined in the following categories: bonding (interpersonal)، bridging (generalized)، and structural trust. We hypothesize that influential factors on social trust are social participation، social exclusion، individual factors، SES، and felling of social security. For data gathering، researcher-make questionnaire have been used. Validity and reliability have beenconfirmed by university professors and Cronbach alpha. Analysis unit was individual and level of analysis was micro. Population includes all people، above 15 years old، who lived in Hejandasht area. About 313 people have been chosen by Cochran sampling method. Analyses have been performed by SPSS statistics software and spearman Chi- square and regression correlation coefficient. Results show that there are significant positive relation between education، participation، SES and significant negative relation between age and social exclusion with social trust. There were no significant relation between sex and felling of social security with social trust. For analysis of relative importance of independent variable in diagnostic of dependent variable، beta should be examined. According to results social participation variable have more importance. (beta: /290. Variable such: social exclusion، age، education and SES are in next grades. This result can be analysized in Ragers sub culture theory. According to this theory، because of dominant traditional culture in rural society، residents of these societies have not enough trust to outsiders and other groups and have less of participation، innovation and trust. Thisshows that those who participate in development programs have high trust. Participation can be included participation in decision making، planning and take of benefits. This indicates that if rural residents feel there is discrimination and they cannot take their rights، they show low ratio of participation. Those who belong to high economic and social classes show high ratio of participation. This can be suggested that for increase in social trust in rural areas، call all and don’t allow participation restricted to stake holders، and those who excluded from participation (for example، women، children and poor) should take enough enjoy. By holding of educational and research institutions، it is possible to enforce level of education in rural areas. Holding long and short term classes can be useful. This methodology should be added، one of the problems in doing study in rural areas is that rural residents recognize researcher as government agent. This should also be said that researchers should study the culture of rural areas where they want to study. Their unfamiliarity with cultural and social norms may have effects on the results of the study.

Several strategies have been raised and studied for rural development including the development and fortification of small towns. Researchers believe that small cities as a chain ring between cities and villages، provided their development and fortification، can lead to development in their surrounding rural areas in various aspects. So، the strength and growth of small Towns couldn’t be overlooked in the process of rural development planning because these centers provide amenities and services to rural areas and have an effective role in the rural areas'' development. Quality of Life development is one of the roles that small towns can play in their surrounding rural areas. So، in this paper we try to answer two questions by studying the role of Roniz City as a city of Fars Province (Estahban County): A)، has Roniz as a small towns played any effective role to improve the life quality of surrounding villages? And B)، what are the differences among villages، based on the role and function of Roniz City in improving life quality? The research method of the present study is the descriptive analytical one that relies on both library and field methods. Hence، we selected 8 villages out of the total 20 neighboring villages regarding criteria such as their population، their distance from the Roniz city and paying attention to spatial distribution of the villages in our study field. These candidates are as follows: Lower Roniz، Dehoyeh، Ali Abad، Gordeh، Mahfarkhan، Banevan، Mohammad Abad and Ghashamghavi. Our statistical population in this research is the native residents of these rural areas. In questionnaire method، using Cochran''s formula، we determined 320 households as our randomly sampling content. Domains and indices we have selected include 9 domains and 42 indices. It is worth mentioning that we analyzed our data using SPSS (descriptive and deductive statistics). Our findings show that the most important effect of Roniz city in improving life quality relates to the aspects of infrastructures'' quality، individual welfare، education and culture. We found a significant difference between the sampled villages in all of 8 aspects of life quality and we also found out that Roniz city plays its role in life quality improvement of the villages Ali Abad، Mahfarkhan and Lower Roniz respectively. It plays its least role in that of the villages Mohammad Abad and Ghashamghavi. We also studied satisfaction level in life quality of residents in the country of Roniz before and after being changed into a city that suggests an increase in residents'' satisfaction through this transition. Researchers and planners believe that the fortification of small cities can resolve many existing problems in surrounding rural areas and can lead to their development in various realms. This support and fortification has positive effects on neighboring villages including life quality improvement of these rural areas. So in this paper، we studied the role of Roniz in improving life quality of the residents of the surrounding villages. Our results show that Roniz City has provided an improvement of 7 quality areas in the neighboring under-study villages but has had no success in the quality of recreations and leisure times and also in its employment and income of those neighboring rural areas. We also found that the distance factor from Roniz has an effective role in the life quality of sampled villages such a way that going close to the city brings higher life quality and going away from the city leads to lower life quality.

Rapid urbanization and reduction of rural population are common problems among developing countries. Unemployment and rural migration are mentioned as main reasons for these problems. According to the 2011 census in Iran، the rural population decreased to less than one-third، or about 29 percent of total population. Demographic change of the country and the need for jobs will exacerbate these problems. The experience of many countries shows that entrepreneurship can be vital to the development of rural areas and solving many economic problems (Deljoo-shahir، 2009، 25). Entrepreneurial activity is interpreted as the engine of economic growth (Sherief، 2008). Existing opportunities in Iran’s rural regions have significant economic advantages (Hashemi et al، 1390). China has faced with many problems in rural planning. As a result of past policies، about 700 million people in rural areas were at risk of recession. Now، the Chinese government’s strategies focus on strengthening of rural entrepreneurship and create jobs for the villagers (Yang، 2009، 5). Iran is now facing with many rural planning problems that once China had. For example، the effect of past government policies in China caused 700 million rural people at risk of recession. After this problem، the Chinese government put its concentration on strengthening rural entrepreneurship (Yang، 2009، 5). Using entrepreneurs and local industries in the country، the migration of rural population was prevented (Papaly Yazdi and Vossoughi، 1996:19). This paper reviews recent experiencs of rural entrepreneurship policies in China. Rural entrepreneurship is still novelty in Iran’s planning. The main objective of this paper is to identify successfulness of similar programs in China، and provide recommendations on rural entrepreneurship programs in Iran. The result of this paper shows that there are several obstacles to achieving the goals of rural entrepreneurship in Iran. Firstly، limited financial resources and absence of clear system for encouraging rural entrepreneurs are the most important economic barriers (Rajabpour، 1389، 31). Secondly، cultural and legislative barriers impede rural entrepreneurs. Lack of public organizations involved in rural development is another challenge in Iran’s rural Entrepreneurship (Mokhtari & Zarei، 1386، 9-10). Today، China is examining the strategic imperative of rural entrepreneurship as an important tool (Yu، 2008، 1). Over thirty years of economic reform، China''s dramatic expansion of entrepreneurial activity plays an important role in reducing poverty and increasing income in rural households (Huang، 2010، p. 1). Using the power of entrepreneurship in rural areas، China gains remarkable success associated with the implementation of rural development programs. The main reason for successful rural entrepreneurship programs in China is the policy of decentralization، the gradual approach to reducing subsidies، and encouraging the growth of investment in rural areas. In Iran، reinforcing rural councils have a great impact on the development of rural entrepreneurship. Developing the competitiveness among local entrepreneurs by establishing independent institutions plays an important role in China’s rural entrepreneurship (Wang، 2004، 47). In Iran، there is a lot of potential for creativity and regional capability. Establishment and expansion of local production networks between business owners can play an important role. In examining the reasons for the success of entrepreneurship and rural development programs in China، one can focus on the policy of decentralization and strengthening of local government، the gradual approach to reducing subsidies، and encouragement of investment for rural development. Chinese villagers have learnt new technologies and initiatives that support the creation of a new wave of modern entrepreneurship in rural areas (Xiaojun، 2007، 5). According to Chen (2006)، rural education has an important role in this regard. With the adoption of the Eleventh Five-year Plan in China، in March 2006، greater emphasis was placed on rural entrepreneurship (Solt، 2007، 1). In our country، however، this approach has been used، but lacks the properly training. Experience of other countries has shown that using one-dimensional methods cannot led to technological development. Even if the goals and strategies are set correctly and clearly، the various factors in the process of this policy should be considered (Soltani et al.، 2010، 2333). According to Rezvani & Najarzadeh (2008)، a very low percentage of the villagers are familiar with entrepreneurial skills in this regard. So far، several programs are adopted to encourage rural entrepreneurship in Iran. However، the injection of capital and expertise is not enough for rural development. Development should come from the context of rural areas. Best practices of China''s rural entrepreneurship program can be summarized as follows: a) using the positive role of rural entrepreneurship in regional and metropolitan development، b) reducing the tax، c) strengthen the role of local governments and the private sector to increase rural entrepreneurial activities، d)، the choice of suitable companies، e) flexible entrepreneurship policies، g) considering other activities rather than focusing on agricultural activities or tourism.