فصلنامه سیاست
سال چهل و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 28، زمستان 1392)

The constitutional issues، since the Constitutional Movement triumph in Iran in 1906 until now، have been discussed، as there are disagreements on them، from the meaning of constitution to it causes and even its successes and failures. These disagreements and ambiguities، in the field of social action، have led to confusion. Neither breaking with the tradition nor constitutional innovations، and even not the effort of researchers did not provide clear answers to these disagreements. A review of the First Constitutional Assembly’s debates can resolve some of these disagreements and ambiguities. As the representatives of that assembly were selected by various guilds، their views provide us with their clients’ vision of the Constitution. The order and sequence of debates and legislations reflect an understanding of the factors influencing the success or failure of the Constitution in representatives’ mind. In other words، these discussions reveal constitutionalists’ layers of demands that conform with requirements of a modern society. Constitutionalists’ actions and the proceedings of the assembly complement each others.

Contrary to general image، the disputes between Iran and Britain- Iran Oil Company and Britain itself with regard to the issue of oil did not originated form nationalization of oil and the events followed، but it backs to the days of offering Iran’s oil fields in the market. This paper addresses the financial disputes between Iran and Britain-Iran Oil Company prior to oil nationalization، the parties’ resolutions and its consequences. Our hypothesis is that the failure of Iran’s claims on reforming the structure of the company and adjustment of the framework of 1933 concession with the aim of promotion of Iran’s position provided the objective and subjective context for Iran’s oil nationalization in 1329.

Petroleum and its subjected economic structurs play a significant role in Iran''s political social and economic develovement. Iranian economy highly depends on oil exports and incomes. Oil industry provides almost 50% of national budjet and 80 percent of exportation resources. Oil''s incomes have fluctuated during different decades and experienced the most increasing trend in (2007-2011) – the years coincide with the forth development program of IR. Iran. Although، oils income could temporary obtimize some qualitative economic indices، it was not able to adjust the inequality indices such as removal of poverty، unemployment، etc. According to the result of this research، petroleum''s income not only could not eliminate the poverty، unemployment and inequality but also deteriorate the situation of these indices.

Relation between Iran and Saudi Arabia was ever on assiduity and it has been pessimistically always except before Islamic revolution of Iran. This written would present and view the relations of two mention countries in framework of Vednt constructivism which indicates how identities reconstruct relations of two countries. It would also present that dominant culture on these two countries relations changes from Hobbesian to Lockeian ang again to Hobbesian.

The developments taking place in some Muslim countries in the Arab world in 2011 changed the political geography of their earlier. Three main features of totalitarianism، Islamophobia and cooperation with the West and Israel''s internal politics، regional and international levels had published in numerous literary analyses on the events. We believe one of the «Islamic awakness» in «Arabic spring». In this piece we are following inquiry that: Islamic uprisings in the Arab world or regional opportunities and threats to the Islamic Tendency «Shiite community oriented» Islamic Republic of Iran will bring. The hypothesis in response to the article subject is an assessment of the opportunities and threats and takes account of pattern in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran which considers three components: confidence and regionalism discourse of principles forming the pattern of counts.

Information technology has demolished time and distance. The new communication technologies have become dominant in contemporary world politics. The tools such as mobile phones، internet and satellite networks play supporting role in social changes with strengthening public space. We witness the effectiveness of new media in the recent unprecedented developments in Arabic countries. The social media such as twitter and facebook give people free access to channels of communication and society becomes more transparent. Although political and economic conditions are more determined in revolutionary changes، but the recent events would occur more expensive and longer if the modern means of communication were not available.

Ten years has passed since the US military intervention in Afghanistan. Despite the initial claim of fighting terrorism as the reason for the military attack، actually terrorist activities have been accelerated ever since. Thus، the real intention of the US for the military intervention has been dubious and questioned by many political analysts. They argue، there must be other reasons for spending billions of dollars in Afghanistan by the US administration. This article examine the hypothesis that the interests of the Military Industrial Complex is the determinant factor of defining or creating ''critical situations'' as a pretext for justifying military intervention in a country like Afghanistan.

From the beginning of the formation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2001، India has raised the request for permanent membership in the organization. Several reasons are prompting India''s for membership in Shanghai that they can be considered in the forms of strategic، political، security and economic. From political and security landscape this country sought to minimize the border disputes with China over the McMahon border (with China)، and the dispute with Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir region. From an economic perspective، this country seeks to achieve affordable energy، oil and gas resources of member states such as Russia and Iran، and finding consumer markets for Indian goods. The purpose of this article is examination of the motives of India for the membership in shanghai from these three aspects.

Various forms of intellectual freedom perspective are always discussed. In Islamic literature often uses the term horriat against those who are not so clear. Most important issue is about freedom، where is it? Among the Shia Islamic thinkers and literature in general، due to the introduction of the concept of Imamate، the question is whether or not the Imamate of frontlines of freedom? The excellent standing is martyr Beheshti. Freedom has a key role in his thought، and the ratio of specific surveys between freedom and Imamate is established. This paper attempts to be the first martyr Beheshti concept of freedom of opinion are examined and then compared it to define the concept of Imamate.

Relation between theory and fact is one of the most important and attractive issues of social science. Almost، all of us using theory in our scholarly endeavors without thinking deeply about the relation between theory and fact. Considering the necessity of a simultaneous theoretical and factual understanding of social phenomena، this article explains “theory-fact” relation according to the three main methodologies of science (Phenomenology، Interpretationism، Instrumentalism) and at the end will offer an alternative approach to this issue area based on the fuzzy logic.

From the mid seventh century and throughout eighteen century، Britain had the most bulk of slave trade. In 1807، the house of common and Lords ratified the abolition of slave trade following an anti-slavery trade movement which had begun from the last decades of eighteenth century. In response to this question of why the slave trade ended، the slavery scholars have different views. This study concentrates on the role of Quakers who were anti- war and anti- slavery. Quakers became the intellectual leaders of anti-slavery movement while Britain was at war with Franc enjoying a vast social relationship and the social and international conditions. The aim of this study is to answer the question of why and how Quakers، and not the thinkers of the enlightenment era were the forerunners of anti slavery movement. It seems that activists، social interactions and socio-political condition played are the major role players. The anti- slavery movement and its expansion were the results of these basic factors in Britain.

In recent few decades، however، as a result of theoretical and practical changes، politico-geographical studies have tended to apply post-positivist methods and approaches. Discourse analysis is amongst the most recent post-positivist approaches. According to this method، social phenomena do not reflect same reality in time and place. But they acquire different interpretations in different discourses. Thus، considering modern and postmodern as different political discourses، this research tries to do a comparative study of state and its elements including territory، population، government، and sovereignty، in each of these discourses. Findings of this research show that، the state has a discursive nature. State is not unchanging، but is interpreted in different ways in different discourses. Thus، as a result of theoretical and practical changes in postmodern political discourse، the state has experienced many changes both in its totality and its elements، comparing to modern political discourse.