Journal of Archives in Military Medicine
Volume:2 Issue: 2, May 2014

The dominancy in combat depends on several factors including objectives, strategies, weapons and materials, technology, numbers of soldiers, and of course, the human element. More specifically, cohesion, e.g. interpersonal bond of an organization in order to sustain their will and commitment to each other, their unit, and the mission, plays a major role in this regard. Importantly, defining the objectives and purposes of the battle, appropriate and timely logistic support, structural organization with regard to individual characteristics, and leadership would influence military cohesion. Furthermore, motivation and control, surveillance and conformity, commonality of values and societal factors play important role on the small unit cohesion. However, civic education is most effective in the soldiers’ contribution and resistance within and after a battle. Then commanders and leaders construct the bases of cohesion in their unit by assessing the individual psychological state, societal condition, and spiritual characteristics to obtain success during a confrontation. In this literature review, several psychological aspects of cohesion are outlined. JAMM International expects receiving expert opinions from military systems in respect of their own cultural and organization characteristics, and requirements for a discussion..

Returning service members who are disabled due to war injury has risen substantially over the last decade due to increased use of body armor, extraordinary medical care and rapid return to the United Sates for medical care. This has resulted in a huge cohort of returning service members who need protracted care. Acceptance of disabling conditions requires that health care professionals have an understanding of the factors that impact injury acceptance.. This study aimed to explicate the demographic and war-related factors that impact acceptance of war related disability..Patients and The Acceptance of disability scale was used to assess factors related to acceptance of a war-related injury. Members of the Warrior Transition Brigade in two Department of Defense hospitals were surveyed (n = 157).. Finding showed that the majority of participants accepted their disabling condition at the ‘medium’ level with nuances regarding demographic factors. There was no impact for age, deployment length and deployment frequencies on the findings. Additional findings highlight specific subscale areas impacting disability acceptance.. Health care professionals engaged in working with the combat related war injured need to be sensitive to the factors that impact adjustment to their disability. Findings point in specific directions to enable this level of care..

Delayed pneumothorax and hemothorax are among the possible fatal complications of blunt thoracic trauma.. Finding reliable criteria for timely diagnosis of high-risk patients has been an area of interest for researchers.. We gathered a database including 616 patients among which, 17 patients experienced the delayed complications. Employing four classification techniques, namely, linear regression, logistics regression, artificial neural network, and naïve Bayesian classifier, we tried to find a predictive pattern to recognize patients with positive results based on recorded clinical and radiological variables at the time of admission.. First, without using machine learning techniques, we tried to predict the complications based only on a single variable. We recognized chest wall tenderness as the best single criterion that enables to classify all high-risk patients with 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 82-100). This criterion potentially excludes 57% (95% CI, 53-61) of low-risk patients from further observation. Then we used the machine learning techniques to assess the effect of all admission time variables together. According to our results, amongst the utilized techniques, logistics regression model enables not only to exclude 81% (95% CI, 77-84) of patients without complications from unnecessary observation, but also to recognize all patients with true positive results for pneumothorax and hemothorax (95% CI, 82-100).. Instead of serial chest X-ray, patients with blunt chest trauma could be initially evaluaed by a risk assessment model in order to avoid unnecessary work-up..

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) show several advantages over other materials, used for bone repair. For example, they are injectable, easily shapeable and remained localized. Therefore, they fill effectively bone defects with an irregular shape. Furthermore, CPCs are very bone compatible and also osteoconductive.. This work aimed to investigate the effect of particle size on the mechanical and setting properties of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) based cements. The rate of conversion of reactants to nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) in the medium of human blood plasma is also studied.. In this study, we prepared CPCs consisting of α-TCP (61%), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) (26%), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), hydroxyapatite (HA) (3%) as powder phase, in a solution of 3 wt% NaH2PO4 as liquid phase. In the next step, three different cements with the same formulation but different α-TCP particle sizes (4 μm, 10 μm, 22 μm) were prepared. Finally, we evaluated the setting time, compressive strength and the rate of conversion of reactants to apatite phase in blood plasma.. Based on the results, the initial setting time decreased from 30 minutes for CPC with α-TCP particle size of 22 μm to 15 minutes for the cement with α-TCP particle size of 4 μm. Also, the cement prepared with the least α-TCP particle size exhibited the maximum compressive strength after setting. The results revealed that reduction of α-TCP particle size, the main component of the CPC, favors conversion of cement constituents to needle-like nano-apatite crystals when soaking in human blood plasma, and this leads to increment of mechanical strength.. In α-TCP based CPCs, reduction of α-TCP particle size favors the conversion of the cement constituents to nano-apatite crystals (when soaking in human blood plasma), which leads to reduction of setting time and increase in mechanical strength of CPCs..

Although there are different classifications for dermatomycosis or fungal infection of skin and its appendages, in this study, we consider only superficial type (tineaversicolor) and cutaneous one (dermatophytosis) under the common title of superficial fungal infections (SFIs). Tineaversicolor commonly affects the outermost skin layer of the young and manifests as reddish-brown or light skinspots. Dermatophytosis can affect deeper layers of skin and hair into the epidermis at the scalp, feet, and groin area. It is caused by only three types of dermatophytes: Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Microsporum. Previous studies have already shown the high prevalence of SFIs in military personnel. This is due to the many predisposing factors for these infections in any military system such as poor hygiene, frequent use of gummed shoes, and massive sweating during military maneuvers. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic features of SFIs in Iran''s Armypersonnel..Patients and This researchis a retrospective study from 2005 to 2011. Data were collected from the regional surveillance system of Iran''s Army and double checked in the Deputy of Health of AJA University of Medical Sciences. Analysis was performed using appropriate statistical functions by Stata Software.. During these 7 years, 9707 cases of SFIs were reported. Sixty percent of them were diagnosed during the warm months of spring and summer. About 58% of the cases were reported from four provinces, including Hormozgan, Guilan, Semnan and Khorasan Razavi, and finally about half of reports (48%) were from Naval Force.. The overall trend of SFIs in recent years has been declining, but it is still a common problem of army personnel, especially in Naval Force and in warm and humid areas. Army health commanders must do their best to decrease the incidence by improving health knowledge and facilities, particularly in the most endemic areas..