مجله ادبیات پارسی معاصر
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1392)

With the end of the age of poetic justice in literary works، we witness the death of simple good-natured or villainous characters in these works. Following such an evolution، two-dimensional characters with mental and psychological complexities enter the scene of modern novels. Public and private aspects of these characters are different and sometimes contradictory. These contradictions can be the origin of many of the incoherent events of novels، not only making them difficult to understand، but also preventing the readers from discerning the true identity of the character. Novelists have abundantly used the two-dimensional feature of characters due to its match with modern novels. The author of The Body of Farhad also applies this characterization method in his novel to represent the positive and negative sides of characters. In this paper، we will review this characterization method in The Body of Farhad.

SohrabSepehri، Iranian Muslim nature-lovingpoet and artist، learned about ideas and beliefs held in Far East in his travels to East Asian countries، an encounter which gave his poems a hue of mysticism and ethics of Eastern religions. Hinduism، Buddhism، Taoism and Zenismwere the major religions beliefs in Far East countries (including China، India and Japan) which influenced Sepehri، particularly in the area of ethics—an ethics which embraced the individual، the society and the biosphere. This paper first looks at value-centered views in the field of environmental ethics and then compares ideas related to ethics of earth in Sepehri’s poems with ideas from Eastern religions. The study reveals that biosphere is a shared value focus both in Sepehri’s poems and in Eastern religious views.

The nature of understanding، judging various interpretations of phenomena، and the extent of validity of these interpretations has turned to a core issue in contemporary philosophy. The study of modern hermeneutic approaches and ideas shows an unprecedented variety in issues related to the interpretation of the text. The present study is an attempt to have a brief look at the new hermeneutic approaches، to review true and false in modern interpretive ideas of the contemporary poetry، and to suggest some criteria for evaluating interpretations. Without setting such criteria، the factors affecting priority of one interpretation over another cannot be exactly determined.

Story is one of the oldest forms of art with an ancient history and many specific definitions and meanings. One of the most important topics in fiction is war. Many writers have created their works with regard to war and its particular issues. Hussein Fattahi is one of the contemporary Iranian novelists who has some war-related works. Accordingly، in this paper، an attempt has been made to identify the elements of the novel Love in the War Years and to analyze its different dimensions in a structural and scientific manner. Having really understood the issue of the war، the writer reflects the vicissitudes of those days. Fattahi owes his reputation to his war novels.

If poetry serves the public good and leads the human society towards sublime morality and faith in God، it will certainly be approved by Islam، and will be supported by The Quran، the Prophet (PBUH)، and Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Since early Islamic era and with adherence to the tradition of the Holy Prophet (SAW)، poetry has been used as an efficient، and even spiritual، weapon to defend the religion and its foundations and to confront the enemy invasion. In this regard، Bahar and Ahmad Safi are prominent examples whose poems have clear manifestations of religious beliefs and theological teachings. The present paper is an attempt to study the emergence and rise of religious thoughts in the poems of these two contemporary poets using the method of content analysis.

This paper aims to study the reasons for the first-person narrator’s unreliability in Sarah Salar’s novella I’m Probably Lost based on the theory of Shlomith Rimmon- Kenan. According to her theory، a narrator’s limited knowledge، his/ her selfinvolvement in the narrative، and also his/her paradoxical value-scheme are some of the textual evidences that can be taken as the reasons for his/her unreliability in a particular narrative. Thus، the present study firstly attempts to show that the narrator’s narration in I’m Probably Lost is so incongruent with the events of the fictional world that one can hardly believe her words as standing for the fictional facts. Further، because of her personal fears and weak memory (psychological states) the narrator has got limited knowledge to report the fictional events accurately. The paper also argues that the narrator fails to report the fictional facts impartially because of her selfinvolvement along with her paradoxical value-schemes. Therefore، by restricting the narration to her own perspective or by inverting many of these facts، the narrator reports the fictional events as she wishes not as they actually might have happened. Furthermore، in its opening، the paper provides a short theoretical background to the discussion concerned with the (un) reliability of a narrator in narratology.

Michael Riffaterre identifies two methods of reading in the semiotics of poetry، namely heuristic reading and retroactive reading. The first stage involves a search for meaning and the second stage concerns implications of language. In this reading، after an analysis of the ungrammatical elements، covert and internal relationship of the elements of the text is explained in the form of accumulation and descriptive system. Then the reader starts receiving hypograms and this ultimately leads to the discovery of structural matrix of the poem. After analyzing ungrammatical elements، accumulations، and descriptive systems in the poems ‘Winter’ by Akhavan and A Message on the Way by Sepehri، the following structural matrix can be obtained: Winter: The fear and despair of people، the hope of the poet in the help of others، repression، and the despair of the poet. A Message on the Way: Peace and friendship، overcoming shortcomings by the poet، evils and shortcomings in the society، and establishment of perfection and beauty in the society.