فصلنامه علوم حدیث
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 68، تابستان 1392)

According to the well-known opinion Imami scholars are divisible into two major groups: early and recent scholars. There are several differences between the two groups in various areas of science، including hadith principles and issues. Our information about the first group’s principles of hadith scholarship is low، and in some cases limited to general reports of the scholars of the recent generation. Taking into consideration the fundamental differences of hadith principles of the two groups، they have also attempted to explain the basics of the first group، for example، the great emphasis they have placed on the early hadith scholars’ reliance on the system of evidences as a focal point of hadith assessment. Analytical and critical study of the historical reports of the early Imami scholars indicates the central role of the written source analysis among their numerous evidences. These studies indicate that the early hadith works - with different titles such as «kitab»، «asl»، «juz» and «nusakh» - regardless of their authors are of high status in the early Imami scholars’ hadith scholarship. Existing reports show that these scholars have sometimes considered a hadith text as reliable and valid based on the different reasons and evidence and finally verified the existing hadiths within it. This article attempts to explain the early Imami scholars’ emphasis on «book-based» components such as the notability of the book، its popularity among hadith scholars، and special attention to the reliable usuls، while mentioning a variety of examples.

The issue of the beginning of hadith fabrication is one of the major issues about which the Shia and Sunni scholars have expressed different and sometimes conflicting opinions. One of the views belongs to Umar ibn al- Hasan ibn Uthman Falata، a Sunni contemporary author، whose book al-Wad` fi al-Hadith is the most important source in the field of hadith fabrication study. Reviewing other scholars'' ideas along with presenting historical documents، he sought to prove the last third part of the first century (about 67 AH) as the beginning time of hadith fabrication. Analyzing Umar Falata’s views from both negative and positive perspective using a systematic method based on the beliefs of Sunni people، the authors of the present research study attempts to demonstrate that hadith forgery occurred during the life of the Holy Prophet and caution against the consequences of imputing the beginning of hadith fabrication to Shia and introducing Shia as the main cause.

The quality of response to both pleasant and unpleasant situations is one of the issues that have an important role in mental health. It has many causes، but this study is concerned with the single factors that are found in the narrations of the Infallible Imams، peace be upon them. Each alone has the same adjusting function in both pleasant and unpleasant situations. The present research study utilizes the content analysis method. Verify the sayings of the Infallible Imams peace be upon them، findings of the research indicates that correct regulation of the fourfold system of pleasure، desire، attribution، and expectations، each individual can adjust the response to both opposing situations. The author of the present paper concludes that investing in these factors can cover both pleasant and unpleasant situations and inhibit the negative reaction. This requires moral and psychological mechanisms.

Definition of aql (reason) and its effectiveness is one of the concerns of the commentators of Kafi’s narrativs. The importance attached to it is due to the Ahl al-Bayt’s narratives، peace be upon them. This paper is organized in two parts: The first part contains the definition of reason by Mulla Salih Mazandarani and Allama Majlisi. Mulla Salih had philosophical tendencies. Consequently، his definition of reason is quite influenced by his philosophical perspective. However Allama Majlisi’s critical approach to the philosophy and philosophical thinking makes his definition quite distinct from that of Mulla Salih. In the second part، the author investigates limits of reason and its role in cognition. Following Akhbaris and philosophers such as Mir Damad، Mulla Salih believes that knowledge and wisdom are natural and inherent in human beings and defines them as inefficient in this field. Allama Majlisi does not give clear comments on this topic. But given the evidence found in his commentary، it can be concluded that he considers knowledge to be theoretical and acquired.

The Shia belief in Imamate is backed by mutawatir hadiths found in the Shia reliable hadith books. Due to opposition expressed by some of the relatives of the Infallible Imams، some have concluded that Imamate hadiths have been made by Shia narrators، years after the Prophet and Infallible Imams. The author of the present paper has tried to firstly present reports of some of the Imams family and companions opposition then، using historical texts and traditions show that some of the relatives of the Infallible Imams who opposed the Imamate of the Imams were familiar with the texts. Some of them opposed in order to achieve wealth and power، and others with the goal of hastening the uprising deviated from the path of truth. Moreover، opposition of a small group of Imams’ relatives is not tantamount to non-Issuance of the Imamte texts.

The present paper is concerned with a common feature of «the logic of hadith comprehension» and «hermeneutics». It investigates varieties of subjectivity among hadith transmitters and their role in readers’ understanding of hadith books. This study attempts to collect and classify examples of traditions that the narrator’s (transmitter’s or collector’s) understanding of hadith has influenced his or her narrations which may lead readers to a wrong deduction. The authors of the present paper offer an appropriate solution for each of them. They also explain that it is possible to remove the likely impact of narrator’s understanding on readers'' understanding by relying on sire uqala in conversations using a collective approach to the concerned traditions. This study also deals with the phenomena of paraphrasing and its impact on religious knowledge. How a paraphrased text is differentiated from a non paraphrased one? How can a paraphrased text is understood and in which way? These are questions that the authors of the present paper try to answer.

Organizational jobs are defined and their scope of the tasks is assigned through job design process. Jobs design using logical method can be effective on employees’ job satisfaction. The present study was designed to examine and explain the relationship between job satisfaction and job design and that of Hackman - Oldham''s job design model. To conduct this research study، 131 subjects were selected from statistical population by systematic sampling. Two questionnaires: job design and job satisfaction questionnaire were used to collect data and hypothesis testing. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as Pearson correlation coefficient، analysis of variance and multiple correlations were also used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Hypothesis was confirmed by the statistics calculated. The authors of the present paper concluded that the positive relationship between job satisfaction and job design is straightforward. They also suggested some appropriate recommendations.