فصلنامه پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

The purpose of this study was to provide a structure- oriented cross-cultural comparison of the within-group relationships between the negative life events، academic stress and subjective well-being among the Iranian and Swedish undergraduate students. On a sample consisting of 205 students (100 Iranian، 105 Swedish) the negative Event Scale، Academic Stress Questionnaire، Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Satisfaction with Life Scale were administrated. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between the multiple factors in both groups. Results of the multiple regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the Iranian and Swedish students in terms of the structure –oriented relations of the negative life events، academic stress and subjective wellbeing. However، the results of within-group comparisons showed that among the Iranian students، in comparison to the Swedish students، the negative life events had a high ability in predicting the academic stress and the emotional and cognitive components and that the academic stress had a high ability in predicting the subjective wellbeing. Results of the present study put an emphasis on the similarity of applied features of negative life events and academic stress among the Iranian and Swedish students in predicting the subjective wellbeing.

Organizational downsizing brings about the change of work-related demands for the remaining employees following the modification. This change can lead to the psychological tension and psychosomatic complaints among the staff. However، goal engagement control strategies can decrease these negative outcomes. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of control strategies and work-related demands on the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension. Participants of the study included 624 personnel of an industrial company who were selected randomly and then responded to the research instruments namely work-related demands، control strategies، psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension scales. Findings indicated that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychosomatic complaints and that the relation between the work-related demands and the psychological tension were negative and these relations were higher in the group with more lack of goal engagement. Also، the interaction effect was significant. So the use of goal engagement control strategies in stressful situation can decrease the negative effects of work-related demands and can buffer against the psychosomatic complaints and psychological tension.

The goal of this research was to compare the emotional Schemas and to study the relationship between anxiety، worry and emotional Schema in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder، Social anxiety disorder and in normal group. The sample of the study included 90 Participants (30 patients with obsessive–Compulsive disorder، 30 patients with social anxiety disorder، and 30 normal subjects). Participants completed Schemas Scale Leahy (LESS)، Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ)، Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)، Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). People with social anxiety disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder had significant difference compared to the normal group in the schemas of the comprehensibility، control، consensus، guilt and rumination. However، in the schema of guilt those with obsessive-compulsive disorder were significantly different from those afflicted with social anxiety disorder. Some aspects of emotional schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety were different from the normal group and the anxiety and worry were associated with some aspects of the emotional schemas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles، ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and Alexithymia. In the academic year 2012-2013، 300 female high school students of Avaj city participated in this study and they completed Attachment Style، Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results showed that there was a negative significant relationship between Alexithymia and secure attachment style and avoidant attachment style and that there was a positive relationship between Alexithymia and anxiety attachment style and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness. Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and anxiety attachment style were predicators of difficult changes in identifying the emotion and Ambivalence over expressiveness and secure attachment style was predicator of the variance of difficulty in describing the emotion. 11% of the externally oriented thinking variance was explained by Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and anxiety attachment style. Also 21% of the Alexithymia variance was explained by Ambivalence، anxiety and secure attachment styles. In order to prevent Alexithymia، in addition to strengthening the safety features of the attachment، it is needed to enhance the ability to regulate the emotions to overcome the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness.

The purpose of the present study was to study the effect of schema therapy on the reduction of the automatic negative thought and on the increase of the self-esteem in female patients afflicted with depression who went to the psychiatry center in Arak city. Population of the study was included all female patients hospitalized in this center، of these subjects، 38 subjects were selected through the availability sampling method and were put into two groups: experimental group and control group. Both groups completed the automatic negative thought scale and Coopersmith self-esteem inventory. It should be said that during the study the subject used their own drugs and no change occurred in the amount of the drugs they previously took; furthermore، the two groups were the same in terms of the education and age. Then، the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of schema therapy (in each weak two two-hour sessions were held). Following one month، the two groups completed the questionnaires again. There were 15 subjects left in each group. The obtained data were analyzed by covariance analysis and kruskal – wallis nonparametric test. The results showed the effect of schema therapy on the reduction of the variable of belief and on the increase of self-esteem in comparison to the control group. However، in frequency variable of the automatic negative thought no significant change happened.

Depression is a common psychological disorder among the mothers of newborn children and it correlates with the social and psychological adjustment of children and parents. The aim of the present research was to examine the factors affecting the depression in the mothers with the children under the age of two. The sample of this descriptive-correlation study included 220 mothers having the children under the age of two; of women of Tehran، who were at Tehran’s Parks، these subjects were selected by purposeful and accessible sampling method. Also، the tools used to collect the data included Beck Depression Inventory، Parenting Stress Index، Sources of Social Support Scale، Maternal efficacy Questionnaire، Maternal separation anxiety scale and Child temperament questionnaire. Stepwise regression analysis showed that parenting stress and parenting self- efficacy in two steps could explain 29% of variance in maternal depression. Therefore، educational programs relevant to the mentioned factors can reduce the maternal depression and can prevent from children’s psychological problems.

The present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of short-term and long-term life skills training in decreasing the aggression among the adolescents. The sample comprised 400 male and female students studying in the high schools of Karaj، who responded to two questionnaires of Life Skills and Aggression Questionnaire and based on their mean score were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (100 male and 100 female). Subsequent to ten life skills training sessions for the experimental group، both groups were reassessed by both of the questionnaires. Covariance analysis indicated that increase of life skills decreased the level of aggression among the individuals. In order to test out the stability of the training effects، two 30-individual groups with low and high scores were selected and were tested in terms of the research variables. Results demonstrated that in the first six month، the mean of groups decreased. However، this was desirable according to the psychological statistics. It''s worth mentioning that، the weak group demonstrated a greater decrease. Furthermore، in the second six month، the weak group attended five training sessions which increased their level of life skills and decreased the level of aggression to a more considerable level as compared to the strong group which resulted in lower mean by the end of the training. It can be concluded that the repetition of the training with time interval increases the level of awareness and mastery of life skills and we can evidence higher decrease of aggression and more stability of the results