مجله دانش سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1391)

The modern history of Iran has been created by various public movements with their different consequences in a verity of its dimensions. One of the significant movements initiated by the social and political presence of the clergymen of Islam as well as the vast support and considerable role of the people who followed the clergymen or scientists of Islam was the movement of constitutionalism. Interpreting the causes conflict controversy between the approaches of constitutionalists and their opposite group who demanded a religious government based on Islamic law has been considered along with the ideas of two of the Famous leaders of this movement called Sheikh Fazlollah Noori and Mohammad Hussein Naeeni from the beginning to the end of the movement. The present paper attempts to find the answer of question that considering the same religious، jurisprudent and Fundamental thoughts of Mohammad Hussein Naeeni and Sheikh Fazlollah Noori، how is the controversy between the two Shiites Faqihs on constitutional government accounted for? The answer to and the hypothesis for the question is that Sheikh Fazlollah Noori and the late Mohammad Hussein Naeeni regarding their impression of political، social and the consequences of constitutionalism differ from one another

Quentin Skinner oriented hermeneutics is the new ways that can be used to understand political ideas. This study is an attempt to use this method to examine how to shape the absolutist state in Iran. Based on This method the absolute government in Iran formed from ideological grounds، fields of action، the relationship between ideology and political action and Change and move on political ideology. Accordingly Ideological construction of the absolutist state represents by Ideas of nationalism، secularism and modernism. Practical field is a demand for a strong central government In response to the security crisis from different social group. Relation Between ideology and political action is the form of absolute state.

With studying and research at the basis of national security، we can divide the power at two categories: soft and hard. Considering and discovering of defects in using the hard power and its actually state with the name of Hard War cause to military expedition، militaristic (military operations) and impose a great expense to the nations. With considering the advantages and merits of using soft power and it''s characteristics; (cyber and figurative spaces.). This fact shows that concept of power and soft War after a period of definition and concept''s stockpile، during the Cold War in the late of twenty century and in the beginning of new millennium، become prevailing paradigm in different areas. The power concept trend from hardware to software actions; the military and political arrangement become follower of the culture and thought. The increasing development of Information Technology and Communication (ITC) and the problems of hard method and the fast and deep effect of soft power in various aspect of Economic، cultural، Political، Military and Diplomatic are the subject that must be considered. If in the past، the international organization faded the government''s sovereignty role; but nowadays Medias are exceeding its limits And not only have molested national government sovereignty''s role but they want to do international unification. Therefore، assuming that most nations have a good and suitable condition to use Cyber space after decades of starting this technology، we draw out (plan) the question andthequality of the Cyber space effect''s on national security and it''s effect on various aspect of external and civil affairs of each country.

Intense distrust of foreign powers، especially Iran and Western powers fear of damaging their chances of interference is an issue that has deep roots in Iran''s political history. In this paper، the influence of foreign powers on the development tendency toward xenophobia imperialist meddling in the political system of three Qajar، Pahlavi and the Islamic Republic is investigated. Original question is why is sensitive to the issue of independence in foreign policy? The result is that over the past two centuries article Tvtyhamyz issue of foreign interference is the most important threat to national security. Therefore، government has to the conclusion that you should be cautious while interacting with foreign powers، aggressive behavior. It also plays an important role in the Islamic emphasis on the need for justice in international relations.

Language and identity are two integral elements which establish infrastructures of societies. National and ethnic identities are counted as the most important forms of the collective identity. The target of this research is the study of effect of language on the sense of identity among the university students. Since، the University of Tabriz admits the most number of non regional students from various ethnicities annually، so، it can be an appropriate field to study such topic. Survey methods applied for this research، data was collected by questionnaire. All students of either sex studying in different majors with a sample content of 376 students، whom chosen by utilizing multi step cluster sampling was studied. Results of the research show that there is a positive and direct correlation between rate of national identity and rate of ethnic identity of the students. Also، there is a correlation between year of education and rate of individual identity. On the contrary، when education level increases، other identities which have collective aspects، decreases. In this research، there isn’t meaningful correlation between ethnic identity with gender and field of study. The final result is that bilingualism has a positive impact on the acquisition of national identity.

In light of the weakness of secularization thesis over the past half century، besides trying to separate religion and politics، the role of religion in the public sphere has been considered by social scientists. The purpose of this paper is the study of religion in the public sphere. This paper by addressing the symptoms of the presence of religion including the political and symbolic and Mobilization and institutional presence، attempts to analyze political developments in Egypt over the past three years. Religion presence in the public sphere in Egypt after the January 25 revolution that is one of the main features of Post-revolutionary period، Has caused some concerns in Egypt. this is not only a result of the polarization and disputes between Islamic forces and liberal secular forces، But also it is a result of what some experts have called a violation of civil rights achievements of the Egyptian revolution; revolution that should، according to this spectrum، give the more political and social space to the civil forces Compared with religious movements. But Some experts believes that the overthrow of the Mubarak regime، dominated by the ruling party (NDP)، led to a severe variation in the political scene and the weight of various actors. So since President Mubarak overthrow، has emerged the new political groups and parties with various ideological and intellectual trends. But major change has appeared in the distribution and Segregation of Islamist parties in post-revolutionary period. So the number of parties who rely on religious legitimacy، has passed the15 parties and if the current political opening continued، there is still the possibility of increasing this number. The present paper concludes that the religion will play an important role in determining the shape and nature of democratic change in Egypt during the future period. It also emphasizes that this is not just one Islamic force dominated the public sphere، but a distribution and diversity has occurred within the Islamic spectrum. This study notes that whenever Egypt taking a step towards democracy، an important change occurred in the discourse and ideology and actions of old and new political parties.

By examining developments in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan is Uzbekistan''s relations with the West and know every time when Western institutions have been good، the divergence of the country''s security agencies in the Central Asian region، especially the Russians have seen the structures. When stressed relations with the West، Tashkent is trying to converge Rvsmhvr organizations. But the problem is that in general has seen the development of relations between Uzbekistan and the United States and the West. Cooperation between the United States and Uzbekistan are already seeing some serious distance، so that makes this country out of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. This paper will attempt to answer the question «Does the isolation of Uzbekistan، Tashkent Collective Security Treaty because of the weakness of the treaty and the introduction Dygrkshvrhay bias Central Asia to the West be?» Descriptive - analytical answer. This is the time of going to Tashkent Collective Security Treaty.