فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1393)

Chemical pesticides can be replaced with compounds that derived from plants. Thesecompounds can be easily decomposed in nature and have no hazards to non-target organism, consequently they can be suitable for sustainable agriculture. The Flour moth Ephestia kuehniella (zel) (lep. pyralidae) is a worldwide pest and it has a close relation with human foods. Therefore larvicidial effects of the Salix alba L. and Pinus sylvestris L. extracted in acetone, alcohol, hexane and water were studied on flour moth larvae. The results showed that there were no difference in larvicidial effects in 100% and 20% concentrations of willow and pine but in 50% concentration, pine extract had better effects than willow,  100% concentration extracted in water, 50% concentration extracted in alcohol, and 20% concentration extracted in hexane had more mortalitiesof larvae than others. Among extracts, 100% concentration of willow and pine extracted in water induced 44.29 and 42.47 percent mortality, 50% concentration of pine extracted in alcohol induced 46.4 and 20% concentration of pine extracted in hexane killed 8.76 percent of larvae.

The leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonalfluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per plant were counted parasitism laboratory. The parasitoids emerged from larvae were identified. The highest percent was 18.8 on June. 29 In this experiment the parasitoids activity and the peak of leaf miners larvae population were in the same time in khomeyn region. In probability level 0.05, the regression between number of leaf miners larvae and % parasitism was positive and significant (R2 =0.6).

The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lep., pyralidae), is the most important pest of pomegranate in Iran. The damage of carob moth is important both in orchard and harvested pomegranates. In this study, the effect of different doses of gamma radiation on different growth stages (one-day-old and four-days-old eggs, the first- instar larva, the last- instar larvae, pupa and adults) of carob moth were investigated. Results indicated that the range of lethal doses for different growth stages were estimated 125 to 225, 475 to 500, 600 to 1100, 900 to 1200, 1000 to 1300 and 800 to 1300 Gy, respectively. Consequently, the eggs and the first instar larva of E. ceratoniae in harvested pomegranates could be controled by maximum dose of 1000 Gy of gamma radiation.

In this research reaction of 10 Khuzetan native date palm cultivars clustered to 4 groupsas as Dates with too much contamination including khadravi. Highly contaminated dates including Braim, Berhi, Gantar and Sayer. Dates with average contamination including Ashkar, Zahedi, Chibchab and Raim. Slightly contaminated dates including Dayri. The characters such as bunch number, bunch weight, pedicel length, main stalk of bunch length, smallest stand lenght, stand number and sugar percent have significant correlation with lesser moth injury. Other haven’t significant correlation with lesser moth injury.

The lepidopterans Euzophera bigella (Zeller) (Pyralidae) and Cydia pomonella (L.) (Tortricidae) are the most important pests of quince trees in Iran, as they cause the qualitative and quantitative losses on quince fruits. The present study was performed to monitor the population fluctuations of E. bigella and L. pomonella using synthetic pheromone traps at quince orchards in Falavarjan (Isfahan, Iran). In addition, the influence of climatic factors on population fluctuations was studied. It was found that E. bigella adults appeared in early March, showing four population peaks during growth season. The adults of L. pomonella were, however, showed up in middle March with five seasonal population peaks. The populations of male E. bigella were positively correlated with relative humidity, weekly rainfall (up to 3.5 mm), weekly means of minimum andmaximum relative humidity and temperature (higher than 25 °C). In addition, when rainfall was 1.2 mm no significant effects of weekly means of minimum and maximum relative humidity and temperature were observed on E. bigella densities. The population densities of male E. bigella also showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.58) with relative humidity.

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. is one of the most important pests of canola which induces serious damage to the crop over the country. Use of resistant varieties along with proper sowing time, are IPM-based methods, which were studied in Saveh fields of Markazi province Iran through growing seasons of 2004-2005 and 2004-2005. We used a layout of split plot design consisting of varieties of RGS003, Licord, PF, and SLM046 (as main plots) and 3 sowing dates of 20 Sep. 5 Oct. and 10 Nov.(as sub plots) at 3 replicates, Natural aphid infection was sufficient. The aphid density was estimated by counting occurance of the pest number on one centimeter of the upper parts of the 10 randomly selected canola stems. Also yields of each plot were measured using a quadrate of 1 ×1m. Results showed that first date of planting (22th Sep.) during both years of study produced significantly highest yield (139.33 & 149.97 kg/ha) respectively but the lowest density of aphids (20.88& 13.05) per sampling unit. The cultivar "RGS003 which yieldied 146.67 and 144.84 kg/ha and attracted 32.56 and 48.67 aphids in both years of study was evaluated as superior cultivar to others. Overall results suggest the date of first planting and "RGS003 cultivar for the region of study. 

The pomegranate fruit moth (PFM), Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep.: Pyralidae), is the most important pest of pomegranate orchards in Iran. One way that may prevent fruits to be infected is the obstruction from laying eggs inside the fruit crown by the pest. In this study, the effect of twin usage of fruit stamen-removing (one and two stages) and kaolin spraying (3 & 5% concentrations of Sepidan WP) were investigated during spring to summer of 2011 in Kashan region, Iran. The fruit cracking and PFM infection indices were calculated at the harvesting time on each tree. Considering the obtained results from the present research, kaolin treatment at 5% concentration and fruit stamens removing (two stages) treatment, reduced fruit damage by 85% in comparison with the control. Also, the result showed that, the fruit cracking was reduced in kaolin treatments, however no significant difference was observed in stamen-removing treatments. Consequently, twin usage of fruit stamens-removing in 2 stages and application of the kaolin at 5% concentration can be recommended for decreasing the PFM damage.

The fauna of Ichneumonidae was studied during 2011 to 2012 in the centeral area of Mazandaran province. In this study Malaise trap, Window trap, Yellow & White Pan trap, Light trap and Sweeping net were used for collecting. A total of 13 species belonging to 11 Genera and 8 subfamilies were collected and identified. The identification were confirmed by Prof. Mehmet Faruk Gurbuz and Dr. Kees Zwakhals. The specimens were deposited at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran,Sari and Entomology Department, Agricultural facultyof Arak University. Five species are new records for Iranian insect fauna which indicated by an asterisk. The following species were collected:Anomalon cruentatum (Geoffray,1785) (Anomaloninae)Tromatobia oculatoria (Fabricius, 1798)* (Pimplinae)Liotryphon caudatus (Ratzeburg, 1848) (Pimplinae)Pimpla spuria (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Pimplinae)Clistopyga rufator (Holmgren,1856) (Pimplinae)Tryphon atriceps (Stephens, 1835) (Tryphoninae)Syrphoctonus sp. (Thomson, 1890)*(Diplazontinae)Lissonota clypeator (Gravenhorst,1820)* (Banchinae)Lissonota fundator (Gravenhorst,1820)* (Banchinae)Lissonota versicolor (Gravenhorst,1820)* (Banchinae)Collyria coxator (Villers, 1789) (Collyrinae)Mesochorus sp. (Förster, 1869) (Mesochorinae)Brachycyrtus sp. (Townes, 1960) (Brachycyrtinae)