فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، پاییز 1393)

One of most important urban studies is considered urban life quality. Performance of urban regions is necessary to urban quality indexes which are today urban face whit resources and facilities shortages. So the existence resources distribute which is supply for urban regions. In this connection in this research has been dealing to assessing efficiency of urban life quality in Tehran regions. The research method is combination of analytical descriptive and applied type. The required information getting from detailed results of general census of population and housing Tehran comprehensive and detailed plans, stereo remote sensing and also documents, magazines and books. For data analysis using has been used ARC GIS, IDRISI and frontier analysts. In order to data analysis using data envelopment analysis (DEA) which is effective way for efficiency measuring. In this research efficiency and operation regions urban life quality assessing whit BCC and CCR model in data coverage analysis for 117 regions of Tehran. The results show that according to CCR model only 6 regions equivalent to 5/12 percent and as per BCC model, 21 regions equivalent to 17/94 percent useful. There for this research helping to urban planning for perceive and priority of urban issues and finding a solution for removing this problems.

This is the best of all that the rural managers must be selected purely with emphasized on law and individual competences and do not involved the local and relationship Preferences in Rural Manager Selection process. Rural Management has certain elegance for diversity issues that it should be considered for growth and social – cultural, economic and political progress the village communities. Dynamic management, art and science, formulation, implementation and evaluation of decisions is multi-functional that enable villagers to achieve their long term goals. In this direction in order to achieve the desired goals villagers, Dehyar (A rural manager in Iran) must be selected according to necessary competent and adequate in the management so respond to the needs and demands of the villagers and makes the village progress. The aim of this study was to analyze the affecting factors in the selection Dehyar in central sector and in Posht-e-Aab sector in Zabol. For statistical analysis and for ranking and prioritization of affecting variables in selecting of Dehyar in the central sector and in Posht-e-Aab sector in Zabol, were used single-sample Ttest and the Friedman Test with Software of SPSS16. Based on the obtained results, the most important factors that influenced in the choosing Dehyar in the study area is family relationship between Dhyar and Showra (A rural manager in Iran) family relationship between the people of the village. In fact, the most important influence on the selection of Dhyar is Clan-oriented in these sectors.

The advent of information and technology gave the term 'leisure' a new connotation. Drastic changes in life patterns, modernization, and industrialization, the development of infrastructures, the improvement of transportation and communication systems, and the increasing tendency of people to spend more time in spectacular, natural districts far from the hustle and bustle of mechanical life all contribute to meeting modern man's need for leisure. Therefore, tourism in terms of the formation of Seconds Home has recently affected rural areas in general and Vanak Village, Semirom City, Isfahan, Iran in particular. This study, hence, aims at studying the development of Vanak Village in relation to the formation of Seconds Home. To this end, in addition to surveying library sources and documents, the researchers, using Cochran formula, collected the relevant data by distributing a questionnaire among a sample of 56 participants randomly selected from a population of 558 residents of the village.Findings indicate that the formation of Seconds Home: leads to infrastructure and superstructure development changes the rural texture from traditional to modern has no destructive effect on gardens and farms in Vanak village Prompts a change in the area's natural landscape.

Urbanization in developing countries led to the emergence of metropolitan cities and consequently in population density which in turn has resulted in many benefits and drawbacks. The spread of crime and especially theft is one of the inevitable outcomes directly affecting the welfare and security of the families which in turn has brought about challenges such as difficulty in planning fighting against crime. This study analyses the relationship between theft and population density in Kermanshah urban areas using a descriptive-analytical research method. The statistical population is the 2011 population of the city and the crimes committed in the meantime. Arc/GIS and SPSS soft wares were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that theft spatial distribution in Kermanshah follows a centralized clustered model. It was also found that there is a 5% significance level difference between population density and theft and that there was no significant relationship between the scope of the area and theft.

Regarding to the importance of tourism and its benefits, many countries have carried out the noteworthy actions to attract the tourists. This matter indicates the importance of "Marketing" in this industry. Marketing mix is a prime concept of marketing science. In the services, including tourism, this concept consists of product, price, process, place, physical evidences, people and promotion. Marketing mix plays an important role in the tourists satisfactory and promotion of tourism destinations. This research is descriptive-analytical and applied research, and pay to the visitor's satisfaction from elements of tourism marketing mix of Milad Tower. For gathering data, is used from researcher questionnaire made (sample of 196 persons) and for testing the hypothesis is used from one-sample T test, Friedman's test, one-way analysis variance (ANOVA) and independent sample T test. Survey's results indicate that there is a significant difference between the marketing mix element's average in meeting of visitors satisfactory and they satisfy from product, place, physical evidences and people, but they don’t satisfy from price, process and promotion elements. Also other results illustrate that the man visitor's satisfactory is more than the women satisfactory. The visitor who earn more than 2 million monthly are the most satisfied and who earn less than 500,000 toman have minimum of satisfactory. Also the variable of age and level of education have no high impact on their average of satisfactory.

Since tourism is the nature of services, the role of human factors in the quantity andquality of services provided is essential. Of manpower in the tourism industry, tourguides have an effective role in guiding needs of tourists. Each tour guide isrepresentative of a nation, a state agency and the tour organizer. May tour members donot find the opportunity to connect with people in a country they time to visit as aresult guides, character, manners and consider him a litmus test for the identificationof the host country. Despite of the importance of roles and operation of ecotourismguides in services Research in this paper seeks to answer this question is that what arethe problems for ecotourism guides and guidance on how much of each of thesecapabilities is important.. This study in terms of strategy is Descriptive –Analyticaland in terms of purpose is practical. In this research by using conceptual theory andinterviewing g with experts, problems of guides were recognized and 25 cases ofproblems were chosen. Then the ecotourism guides of Tehran province were asked toevaluate the importance of each case in questionnaire with the 5 point Likert scale.The sample of 100 people with accidental simple sampling was chosen. For analyzingthe data and evaluating the importance of problems, the Binominal and Friedman testswere used. Findings of research reveal that problem including " nonexistenceprotection of therapy and retirement and unemployment insurance of trusteeorganization", existence of unskilled people and without justification as ecotourismguide"," nonexistence of internal and external tours continuously in the country,nonexistence of supervision for salary and wage of ecotourism guide are veryimportant.

Development programs of a country can be successful when before planning due to the characteristics of each region and district, appropriate measures must be taken. Today, GIS as a valuable and accurate tool enjoy countless benefits in the construction planning and development of rural areas. This system has unique ability to gather, retrieve and analyze geographic data and planners using it can easier to decide With this attitude, this study seeks two

1- Providing a clear picture of conditions of villages in the studied area using GIS, 2- Analysis and determining of development rate of Lashtnesha villages according to development indicators. Therefore, to achieve these two objectives, documents and field methods have been used. At first, the studied indicators were included the natural environment, social - demographic indicators, economic indicators and structural – spatial indicators was determined and the obtained data was adjusted in the form of descriptive tables in the GIS software for each village. Then using the capabilities of this system, three levels of development for the studied villages was defined. A total of 44 villages studied in this research, 4 villages were in the first level, 19 villages in the second level and 21 villages in the third level of development. The main point in this study is that levels of development within the studied area are unbalanced and distribution of services, especially infrastructure services is not proportional with the population and various features of the villages.

Neighborhood is created to association and interdependence of their close association, the strong ties of neighborhood and informal alliance between groups of people. The purpose of this study is to investigate ways of improving social functioning of urban neighborhoods according to the needs of human society as the audience space to explain and classify the elements of quality space. To achieve this purpose we have 3 hypotheses. Independent variables in the study are neighborhood social and the dependent variables are public open spaces, tranquility, security, social belonging, and social relations. The research method was descriptive. The populations are Sanandaj Shalom neighborhood and sample is 100residents of this part. Sampling method is, the classify. Analyze the data, was used assumptions and analysis software SPSS. Consideration was used for the relationship between variables, and Pearson's correlation. The result of this research show that Pearson correlation coefficient show (0/052), (0/027), (0/223) inhypotheses1, 2and3. Characteristics of users of the space and urban design practices are not effective in strengthening the social function of urban neighborhoods. But the emergence of open public spaces and urban neighborhoods creativity and strengthen are effected on social function. Therefore, to improve the social performance of Shalom neighborhood we should pay attention to Strategies to improve the quality of the physical environment, the promotion of environmental quality, social and cultural quality improve men through policies such as increased vitality, increase traffic safety, improve the road network, development of green spaces and pauses, improve the quality and performance of urban furniture, increasing safety and health, increased levels of participation.

Today, industrialization is considered as one of the most important steps towards achieving a multilateral and balanced development in developing countries and because in many Iranian cities, urbanization growth is almost accompanied by industrial growth, establishing industries in the form of industrial city and estates is one of the most significant components of the development sustainable of cities. The general objective of the research is to examine the effectiveness of the industrial city in improving socio- economic and environmental indicators of the city of Mehriz and provide solution for developing industry in this city. Questionnaire and library methods are used to achieve these objectives. It must be noted that in this research after preparing the theoretical framework and generalities of the research, field operations were performed in order to obtain information about the city under study and examine the effects of industrial city. In general, two type of questionnaire (residents of Mehriz and units industry managers) were designed to conduct the research and the SPSS and Excel software programs were used to analyze data. The research hypothesis testing using the chi square, mann-whitney and independent t-test shows that the industrial city caused some improvements in a Mehriz socio-economic conditions so that there is a significant difference in economic indexes (income and saver rate, create and variety engagement, consumption rate of consumer goods and household cost, type and surface area of the housing unit, real estate speculation and increased incentive for participation rate) social indexes (migration rate, tendency to stay for engagement and populate, insurance type, participation rate, literacy and education level, use for collective relation device) between employed and unemployed resident in the industrial city. This, in turn, has result in certain negative environmental impacts such as (water and soil pollution, noise pollution, air pollution and view/landscape pollution.

Urban transport as one of the main currents of contemporary urban life, its effect on the environment and health of the citizens. They show you’re mainly on older urban centers that Density and concentration of absorbing journey faced User. "The paradigm of sustainable development" has led to the emergence of "sustainable transport". This study assesses the environmental impacts on urban transport with approach sustainable development and case study has been conducted on the central division of Malayer City. Research methods, descriptive and analytical and study population included both "citizen" and "official" institutions concerned with the issue of sustainable transport. The sample size of the relationship Cochrane calculated and set equal to 384.The results show that, the center Malayer environmental faced by the problems of urban transportation. While the most important factor from the viewpoint of the citizens is intolerance central division city to Accepting trips due to high demand for office and commercial uses catchy and Trip Generation from the perspective of the authorities, the main factor is Traffic of Non-standard vehicles. This disagreement can cause problems in the future cooperative programs. In order to overcome the problems described based on field survey results, This study Suggests Approach to the study of electronic banking, Transfer establish a substantial part of the complex medical From the city center to the margins of its,Taking advantage of the Intelligent Transportation System.

The Sistan and Baluchestan region of Iran has a high rate of unemployment despite having many capabilities in fisheries, mining, tourism and etc. that its high rate of population increase, weather problems, lack of security and high distance from the capital are some of the reasons. The purpose of this article is surveying employment trend in Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran. So the development gap between the province and whole country will be surveyed using regional economic models and analyzing the results. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and some economic models are used including shift-share, economic base, mix and share analysis, structure change index, and annual statistics report of years 1996, 2006 and 2011. The results show that in Sistan and Baluchestan, in year 2001 the agriculture and industry part and in 2006, the industry and service part has been the economic bases. In the region, in 1996-2006 period, sections including agriculture, housing, construction and social services has been loser sections, and in the 2006-2011 period, sections including whole sales, retails, wholesales, transportation, warehousing and communications, brokers, education, health and social services, electricity, gas and water provision, has been losers and medley losers. The regional employment increase in the services section has been less than the national average and the increase in industry section was very low. In the 2006-2011 period, the increase in the agriculture section was considerably more than the national average. In the first period, the economic structure of Sistan and Baluchestan changed and has become more industrial.

Today, population growth, resource constraints on the one hand and other stakeholders with the development of Wonders Casts. Demographic changes caused by changes in economic activity and the starting point for changes Land are considered. Indeed, exploitation, improper land use changes and human the areas of natural resources, every day adds to disrupt the regional balance. In recent decades witnessed Land use changes are in Samna. Several factors shaped the phenomenon of land use change For example, the land is abandoned, the surfaces of the summer pasture areas, and conditions of a century The location of a large number of people are going to benefit from the favorable climate of the area. One Important factor in the changes that have occurred in the number of Samna population based on demographics such FBS and the rural population have declined sharply. As in other areas, saw a change in Iran Particular are pasture land use, this area is also visible. This article is trying to communicate Population changes with the change of land use and land use changes of Land over a period of several years to probe the system to determine the land use change information Geographic Google Earth The demographics of the population growth rateat 2 years was developed Was calculated. According to the results, the rate of abandoned land sin the study area were found in the Increased. So many people over the past years, migration and population decline (37%) which had previously been converted to dry land/ and follow the process of a large expanse of grass land (88).The Mankind the abandoned and sin the region are shown. A few of the surrounding villages Pasture Land Most of the increase has declined and abandoned lands. Finally it can be stated, the rate There is a logical relationship between population growth and land abandonment.

By Establishment of three new independent countries Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and republic of Azerbaijan in 1991 many changes happened in the geo- economic map of the world. This basin has transformed to the most important geo-political game. Leading factor has brought about conflicts in this basin that one is the very Ownership interests, mentioned that change of Caspian Ownership after collapse, and from two countries to five countries (Iran IR, Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan) has provided formation of negotiations among the countries. The content of such negotiations in initial aimed to remove and/or reduce conflicts, moving towards convergence on the behalf of the countries so as to take advantage of Macroeconomic benefits of this area in the light of this convergence. Taking national interests into consideration by the countries at this basin mentioned one of the barriers to adopt decisions in order to reach convergence and reduce conflicts at this basin. Observations indicate that each country has provided suggestions and strategies so as to realize its national interests that such suggestions do not span interests of Caspian basin. It seems that this aim (convergence of countries in Caspian basin) requires forming a view based on protecting interests in Caspian basin and not just national interests by the countries. This study followed by an investigation into procedure of negotiations, proposes this point that taking the national interests into consideration by the representatives of the countries in determining the legal regime is the leading factor which led to neglect of interests in Caspian basin, and this has overshadowed infrastructures of convergence among the countries. Yet, adopting the strategies by which interests in Caspian basin placed in top priority would get help to provide national interests for beneficiary countries.

This research discus about role if Geographical in development planning case study pakdasht region. Regarding that Geography is systematic knowledge of elements of a system we must domain on all if system. On in order to get the whole knowledge of pakdasht region first we need to get its natural specification like: weather condition geomorphology hydrology soil water resources this region. At last in order to solve the economical and social problems of villagers with the attention of natural and human abilities advantages and limitations of the existing the techniques for promoting standard of living and social welfare if rural dwellers if taken. Thus the knowledge and weak Geographical biases helps to rural development programs that plan a suitable program with the abilities and need of villagers and to prevent of many problems like migration slummy unemployment the growth and expansions of unorthodox city swallowing villages of near cites that all caused by non-balances exist abilities in surface if city and village.