مجله جستار های زبانی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 23، خرداد و تیر 1394)

The goal of this article is to demystify the press texts and discover their hidden layers of meaning in the framework of critical discourse analysis. To do so، using socio-semantic features of Van Leeuwen''s model (1996)، 40 numbers of four Iranian Persian publications of a two–month period، from July 22 to September 21، 2011 were studied qualitatively. The data analysis results indicated that the ideology dominating the minds of writers and groups is reflected in the text using discursive features as personalization، impersonalization، activation، backgrounding، etc.، and the linguistic realization of discursive structures is performed using linguistic structures as nominalization، pre-modifiers، active versus passive structures، coordination، etc. in the texts. Also there is a dialectic relationship between discursive structures and ideology، which can be determined by studying these structures in the texts and social institutions.

Based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s point of view، the Dialogism، novel، more than anything else، is a linguistic phenomenon، which has a fair correlation between its genuine and its feature of heteroglossia. Language expresses the different social and ideological approaches of the utterances within a translinguistics framework. So the novel compiles all of these diverse social and ideological discourses and utterances. Different Character zones and discourses of the narrator، and embedded genres create a world of different voices and ideologies. From a feminist critique perspective (Gyno criticism)، the novel Cheraghha ra Man Khamush Mikonam (I turn off the lights)، applies social and cultural differences in different discourses to indicate the writer’s womanly standpoint through various social languages and utterences، and therefore، makes grounds for the promotion of the womanly voice in a multi-linguistic system. Here، through a descriptive-analytical method، we are going to study the “Heteroglossia” feature in the novel Cheraghha ra Man Khamush Mikonam written by Zoya Pirzad in the light of Bakhtin’s dialogism، and also from the Gyno criticism point of view، to analyze the diversity of discourses in this womanly novel. In this novel، the womanly awareness is indicated by the writer، the double-voiced discourse consists of the writer’s double-voice discourse and that of the narrator، embedded genres and the Character’s zones display the different social and cultural levels available، which also result in the appearance of a womanly world in the novel.

Arabic words in Persian language has undergone major changes and transformation in meaning. By various reasons، many of these words lost their meaning and found another meaning over the years. So if these words go to another language with the same meaning that we can claim the Persian word go not Arabic. So far، there has been an attempt to explain the evolution of the meaning of these words Semantic change، Increase، the challenge of methodical learning Arabic and translations to these language. This article analyzed the reasons these words، evolution and explored the transformation semantic and change of these words and explained the extent of these change. facilitate the process of to learn Arabic. The authors have expressed influences of Religious، cultural، psychological and linguistic factors in semantic transformation of Arabic words in Persian with numerous examples. The results indicated that the semantic change happen in Arabic words in the form of semantic reduction، semantic expansion and semantic Variance.

The purpose of this research was to study the efficiency of general Arabic language teaching program in Kerman high schools based on the students’ and teachers’ viewpoints. This study is an applied quantitative method research. The research instruments are two researcher-made questionnaires for measuring the teachers’ and students’ viewpoints. The population involves all male and female Arabic teachers of Kerman city، as well as male and female Mathematics and Science junior high school students of all public high schools of Kerman city. The research sample was selected through stratified random sampling method، and amounted to 30 female Arabic teachers، 30 male Arabic teachers and 236 students. The findings revealed that Arabic language teaching goal is not consistent with the learners’ and society’s needs; Arabic textbooks’ content does not meet the content selection standards set in curriculum planning; Arabic teachers are not well prepared for Arabic language teaching; Arabic curriculum goals are not met; students’ proficiency in Arabic language skills is disappointing; students’ interest in Arabic language and learning، is moderately low; and finally، students’ acquaintance with Arabic language learning strategies is low. Accordingly، we can conclude that the increase in Arabic language teaching efficiency in schools needs more efforts to prepare the society with positive attitude towards Arabic language and Arab people، and also to change the educational approach to Arabic language teaching/learning in our school system.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the construction، validity and reliability of the short-form of the “Attitude/Motivation Test Battery” questionnaire in language learning. To achieve this purpose، the Persian version of Gardner’s AMTS was used. Using the stratified random sampling method، 245 (135 male and 110 female) undergraduate university students from different majors of Tehran universities were chosen to answer the questionnaire. The analysis methods included the construction validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability (calculation of Alpha Cronbach’s coefficiency for all questionnaires and factors). As a result، 7 factors were recognized including attitude towards language learning importance، language learning anxiety، parents’ encouragement of language learning، negative attitude to language teachers، demotivation of language learning، positive attitude towards native speakers، and integrative motivation to language learning. The reliability of the questionnaire measured by Alpha Cronbach was 0. 848. Regarding the results of this study، AMTB has appropriate validity and reliability. This instrument can measure the motivation and attitude of Iranian language learners.

Physicians are more presumptuous than patients in verbal interaction. This study was conducted to measure the ratio of physicians’ and patients’ presumptuousness، and the role of gender in order to find an appropriate model for doctor-patient interaction. One hundred and one interviews in Mazandaran Medical Sciences hospitals were studied by using Stiles coding system. The physicians were 10. 4 times more presumptuous than the patients. The most presumptuousness in the physicians was in physical examination، and in the patients، it was in conclusion. The least presumptuousness in physicians and in patients was in history taking and in physical examination، respectively. There was a meaningful difference in presumptuousness between men and women in the patients (P<0. 05)، while there was no meaningful difference between men and women in the physicians. Among the patients، rustics، low educated ones، and the elders were more presumptuous. When the gender of physicians and patients was different، the presumptuousness increased; however، the presumptuousness decreased when the gender was the same. We can conclude that the physicians were much more presumptuous than the patients. Their presumptuousness varied from the most in physical examination to the least in the history taking، because the physicians received information during the history taking and they listened more. In physical examination، the patients were in a special situation، sometimes unrobed. It strongly affected the presumptuousness. Presumptuousness had a direct relation with social class. Social class was the main factor when there was a gender difference، and it increased the physicians’ presumptuousness. The Results showed that in the patients، politeness in lower class decreased the presumptuousness. Knowing these factors can help physicians and patients to have an appropriate outcome.

This research aims to account for Right Node Raising (RNR) in Persian. Three kinds of analysis have been put forward in the related literature: a) RNR as Across-The-Board (ATB) movement، b) RNR as PF-deletion، and c) RNR as Multiple Dominance. Arguments like non-constituents as RNR target، island insensitivity، violation of the Right-Roof Constraint (RRC)، and immobile elements display that Persian RNR does not involve ATB movement. The findings of the research also show that Persian RNR is not a homogenous construction، and it can be divided into distinct subtypes. Therefore، accounting for it demands more than one approach. Arguments like cumulative agreement، internal reading of relational adjectives، and the quantifier each show that one subtype of Persian RNR is a result of Multiple Dominance. On the other hand، arguments such as non-constituents as RNR target، agreement in some cases، some types of control structures، and nonparallel conjuncts in terms of polarity display that the other subtype of Persian RNR involves PF-deletion.

In this study، semiotic functions of color and light have been investigated and analyzed in “Chinese and Romans discourse on painting and portraying” chosen from the first volume of Masnavi. In this discourse، introducing his phenomenological point of view، Mowlana tries to demonstrate how democratic aspect of oriental mysticism is crystalized. Thus the main question of this study is how and under which circumstances and cultural discoursal functions، the transition from physical-actional atmosphere to symbolic and transcendental one is achievable. In fact، the purpose of this research is to study the interactive characteristics of light and color besides demonstrating the place of cultural semio-spheres in Mowlana’s discourse. Our hypothesis is that ontological and phenomenological presence of light saves the discoursal space of color from existential decadence، and places it in the transcendental position. According to this hypothesis، light and color in a colorless atmosphere cause the signification transcendence. In such circumstances، we see our self-integration with the other and the presence of existence where everything changes to a context of aesthetic music of the world spirit.

The onomatopoeic suffix /-ast/ is an archaic suffix of New Persian، which has mainly occurred in the Dari manuscripts belonging to Khorâsân dialectal region. Some researchers such as Jalal Matini، Ali Ravaghi، Najib Mayel-e-Heravi and others، with reference to these manuscripts and modern Khorâsâni dialects، have known this suffix as a Khorâsâni suffix. After that، Hasan Hatami has found examples of another variety of the suffix /-ast/، i. e. /ešt/، in Kâzerouni dialect، as a non-Khorâsâni dialect، without dealing with its history or origin. Accordingly، based on new findings from Khuzestâni dialects and Persian classical texts، the writers in the present article have attempted to hypothesize over the formation of the suffix /-ast/; according to which /-ast/ has been derived from the gerund-making suffix /-išt/. It seems that at a particular period of time، the suffix /-išt/ began to occur extensively in onomatopoeias. On the other hand، a gerund-making type of /-ast/ (or perhaps /-ist/)، has been seen in «Qorʼān-e Qods»، an old manuscript written in southern Iran (Sīstān)، which could be considered as the historical link between the Khorâsâni onomatopoeic suffix (/-ast/) and the southern one (i. e. /-ešt/).

The Dialogic beats make up a significant portion of a play as concrete manifestations of language paying attention to reader’s mind. This paper aims to study on features of linguistic arrangements find an answer for the main research question i. e. analysis of Dialogic beats in “technique of playwriting” by Mohammad Yaghoubi and their function in linguistic structure in discussed samples. The theoretical framework derived from linguists’ ideas in field of literature and drama such as Paul C. Castagno and Vimala Herman enables qualitative analysis of samples and achieving objectives of the research. The research method is descriptive – analytical. The findings suggest the fact that Yaghoubi، as one of the Iranian contemporary playwrights، uses different arrangements in writing dialogue and applies dialogic beats in wide levels of linguistic and meta-linguistic implications as a mean for “emphasis”، “suspension”، “interruption” and also effecting on ending methods of the work. The difference is that function and the way of using these linguistic arrangements has been more specific and more harmonic with the theme of work.

Performance evaluation is one of the important components of each organization، and educational organizations are not exceptions. According to the results of many studies، the single most important factor in determining student academic success or failure is the classroom teacher. Therefore، teachers are at the center of attempts to improve or reform the educational system of any country. Because of their importance، educational systems need to be assured that teachers perform their best to enhance student learning and try to improve teachers’ performance by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their performance for further professional development. Both of these aims can be achieved by developing a research-based teacher evaluation system. With due consideration of the requirements of developing an evaluation procedure، the present study aims at proposing a new model for EFL teacher performance appraisal. For so doing، a number of relevant studies on teacher evaluation and effective teaching، relevant national documents، and EFL teachers’ and experts’ views were investigated. Then، for making decision regarding the components of the assessment procedure، Delphi technique was used. The decisions made about the components of proposed model are discussed and the requirements for its implementation are explained.