فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، پاییز 1392)

Now a day Vandalism means the destruction of public property in the city as a global phenomenon, especially common in urban areas of many modern and developing societies. This can be paid in several dimensions. Studies also indicate becoming important of this issue in urban society of Iran, despite the damage and losses caused Vandalism the city's public spaces, sufficient data on this particular scope, scale, scope, causes and damaging effects of motivational issues under Vandalism not available. According to studies conducted public spaces Robat Karim also face problems such as the need for attention to this matter and it is important, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the emergence of conceptual Vandalism and urban public spaces and match it with Robat Karim and provide solutions to mitigate this problem is to create a balance in the public spaces of the city. The method applied in this research is documents - using survey questionnaire and the population-based study are all the inhabitants of Robat Karim Population HousingCensus 2007, 86,871 people. Sample size of 321 patients was calculated according to the formula of Cochran. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the validity of the study is that 0.7 is obtained that the optimal number and average carefully verify the reliability of the questionnaire and the marker buoy structure is designed. The results of the present study confirm the hypothesis that It can be said that the lack of social control, imbalance, visual feeling of frustration and extortion of Vandalism trends in urban public spaces are Therefore constantly changing andmanipulating the environment and assess its effects, it is very important; The relationship between the environment and the dynamic behavior of the process inputs and outputs are fixed and immovable.

The present study aims to rank and assess the life cycle of tourism sample regions in the tourism center of West Islamabad. Moreover, it tries to investigate the status of tourism in these regions according to the concept of life cycle from Butler’s view. The present study is an applied research with the survey and field study methodology. At first, by using Delphi technique, 10 indexes were determined for assessment of the regions. Then, the data from the questionnaires survey were submitted to TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making techniques, and the sample regions were prioritized. According to these prioritizations, the sample region of Ryjab with 0/634 i SL waslocated in the first place and other regions were in next priorities. Afterwards, the sample regions were submitted to Butler Model to determine the status of regions. Accordingly, the regions with low level of i SL such as Karand Mirage, Shiyan Fire Temple, and Mersad Canyon, passed the discovery stage in life cycle, and the proper management situation must be prepared to enter these regions into the development phase. Other regions were located in the next life cycles. Identifying the development stages of these regions plays an important role in management decisions and the permanent development of these regions.

One of the important and intricate cases for urban planners has been decided on appropriate locations for future expansion of cities and the determination suitable land for developing. Intricacy and Superfluity of appropriate factors in determining the direction of urban growth required using GIS technology and efficient management for prevention of urban Sprawl and environment destroying. The main purpose of this article is providing suitable locations for future expansion of human settlement and activities within the Baghmeshe Town. For this purpose multi-criteria evaluation methods based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) employing for producing andanalysis of maps. At first, the natural and human factors have been identified (8 indicators), then 8 layers prepared and the final map of suitable land for development has been produced in the base of prepared layers by AHP model. Findings of research show that, the metropolitan area of Baghmeshe Town has 300.40 hectares but, only 29.38% its area is suitable or relatively suitable for human settlement expansion and 70.62 % include inappropriate and unsuitable for this goals.

One of the sensitive and geopolitic points in middle east in resource gas and oil,each affairs is politic, security and military in khazar area.the importance of the area for iran is estrteg ic and Its all changes effect on the national strategy of Islamic re public of iran. after collapse of the union of soviet socialist republics in December 19991 and advent of 3 new coastal countries, Azerbaijan qazaqestan and torkimnestan has caused to exist the challenges and chances for iran in the area.and the presence of interior local.and extra –local.players in order to exploit the oil and gas energy from one side and superficial and under –superfirial resource of the sea from the other side and also consideration of legal regime of the sea has coused itd complexity and strategic importance. the research has been beyond the fowllowing basic questions: 1. what are the challenging phenomena in khazar phenomena for iran? 2. what chances are there for the elimination of iran challenges in khazar area? the research findihgs indicate to use the abilities.talents and geographical environment recognition of khazar area can change the challenges to the chances in order to getting the national purposes and resources.

Borders are proved as one of the main and fundamental concepts in the field of political geography. The importance of this aspect is so that, the interest of study and research has had impressive growth in comparison with previous decades. As regards, studies show that, there are lack of attention about the representation of the model or the theory from philosophers and connoisseurs in the mentioned field. Hence, the main objective of this study is to evaluate and criticize the previous investigations about the border, in order to establish structural and agent relation within four main factors as, 1) market forces and trade flows, 2) policies correlate with multiple level of government about adjacent borders, 3) special political influence of marginal communities and 4)special culture of frontier communities, using the theory of structural seems and approach of structure-broker, whereby a model and framework are presented in order to understand more precise about the border phenomenon. The main ratiocination of the current study is that, consequence of this four main factors result in convergence of border from the point of cultural aspects if they reinforce or improve themselves. Regarding to the development of epistemological and methodological aspect in the field of science and especially at humanities and social science, study of border phenomenon only in the view of geographical/traditional is not sufficient and it isrequired to utilize moderate theories such as constructivism approaches in which it include elements such as political, cultural and economic factors.

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon that every year around the world happening and Every year caused extensive damage. but the range of these losses are of course different related to different regions and countries. One of the most important factors in reducing the damage caused by the earthquake is the earlier and comprehensive preparation in dealing with this phenomenon. Reducing vulnerability in addition to structural retrofit measures at all levels of planning (architecture to the logistics of land) should be considered. Also, Providing the scientific and technical solutions and identifying roots and reducing Earthquake vulnerability are the effective factors of human growth and sustainable development. The main goal of this paper is the identification of vulnerable buildings in the city of Semnan earthquake. Hence, to achieving this aim, some of the features of construction and vulnerable neighborhoods and buildings are introduced. In this paper the main features of the building vulnerability is introduced and the analysis is done by considering these items. Using GIS, AHP method and layers investment and disruption of this research is done and finally, vulnerable neighborhoods with construction and population characteristics introduced. In the final map priorities for renovation and retrofitting buildings to be displayed. And is shown that the buildings in southern and central parts of the highest priorities are proposed for renovation and retrofitting are entitled.

The purpose of this study is to investigate tourism and the factors which affecting the tourism satisfaction in Shiraz from viewpoint of foreign tourists and we have dealt with the reasons for their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Because the exploitation of the tourism abilities and capacities of every area can create a dynamic and vivid background for developing that area, it is necessary to analyze the corresponding natural abilities and capacities. This study was done by surveying methods and the data was gathered by English questionnaires from a sample of 250 foreign tourists in Shiraz. We used Mazlo’s requirements hierarchy, Humenz’s exchange theory, Morten’s aim and means theory to define the tourisms’ satisfaction. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relation between the independent factors about the tourisms’ knowledge, the political situation of Iran, cultural and historical attractions, tourism facilities, and the dependent factor of tourisms’ satisfaction. The findings of multifactor analyzing showed that the attraction of the cultural and historical monuments, security feeling, tourism facilities, and knowledge of Shiraz are the factors which have the highest affects and have entered the regression equation and could define more than half of variances of dependent factor. Considering that the case study model has defined more than half of variances of dependent factor (tourisms’satisfaction), it seems that this theoretical model, which is made of the theories of Mazlo, Humenz and Morten, is a suitable and working model for determining the tourisms’ satisfaction.

The main purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the level of social development in rural areas of DARAB County. The research method of the current study in term of nature, rate and the degree of control method of data collection was quantitative, field research and descriptive–correlation, survey research. In this regard, after review of related literature about social development, fifteen criteria were selected to measure the level of social development. Then, some indexes were specified for criteria. Social development level was determined by using obtained statistic from Iran statistics center and data gathered by questionnaires. Statistical population of this study was residents of rural areas at county of Darab which were 79262 individuals. The method of sampling was multistage stratified sampling method, that the 364 individuals were selected as statistical sample by using Cochran formula. Also, in order to test reliability of research instrument, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used. A reliability of 0.74 was achieved indicating that research instrument was reliable. The content and face validity of the instrument were established by a panel of experts in the fields social development. The method of principal component analysis and numerical taxonomy method was used for data analysis and computing compound indicator. The result of numerical taxonomic method indicated that Hashivar district with 0.38 score, rated as the most developed district and Nasravan with 0.96 score, rated as the least developed district among the districts in the Darab county. Result of coefficient of variation showed that indicators offacilities, economy, communication and telecommunication, healthcare, education, public participation, public transport, employment, lawful, Attitude to the legal equality, social networks, social security, social trust, social norms and the environment, respectively have the highest coefficient of variations, result of cluster analyses on the social development in rural areas of Darab county showed that districts of Hashivar, Paskhan, Ghariehkheir, Forg, Balesh, Bakhtagerd, and Rostagh categorized in the high level of social development groups and districts of Ghalebiaban, Fasaroud and Abshour in the medium level of social development groups. Also, in the term of level of social development, districts of Kohestan and Nasravan were less privileged. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software.

The goal of factor analysis is identify and analysis of effective factors on development and the amount of their effect and the cities grading. And the goal of cluster analysis, dividing the geographical regions of the province or in other words, identification of the homogenous regions and realizing the inherent regional talents in order to regional planning of fars province cities. The research kind is practical - development and the studying method is explanatory - analytical that the quantitative model such as factor analysis and cluster analysis have been used. The results of the research with factor analysis shows that development of Fars province citied was not sustainabledevelopment in line with regional planning. So that from the point of view of integrated indexes (in 5 factor: sanitary - educational, social - agricultural, industrial - infrastructural, employment and agriculture), in the whole of 24 cities in year 1385 were known the cities shiraz and Abadeh developed and the cities, Jahrom, Fasa, Lamerd, Nyriz, Arsanjan and Marvdasht relatively developed and the cities Eghleed, Khoorambid, Bavanat, Pasargad, Noorabad-mamasany, Kazeroon, Feroozabad, Gherckarzeen, Khonj, Darab and Astahban deprived and cites Zareen dasht, Mohr, Farashband and Sepeedan very deprived. The sanitary - educational factor has had themost amounts of effect and the agricultural factor the least amount of effect among the 5 factors. In the cities Abadeh and Shiraz have had the superior rating from the point of view of all of the 5 in vestigated factors. The cities of the province have been classified ins levels through cluster analysis for the regional planning. The above approach shows that no planning has been considered for the homogenous. Grading the development of the cities shows significant relationship high correlation existing between less development and disproportionate distribution of the sanitary – educational, economic and infrastructural factors. The cities near the province center are less developed while the farther cities which this position is the refection and resultant of the planning system and growth pole.

The aim of this study is to diagnose variables of service quality in airline transportation and then investigate the relationship between these variables and customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The sample of the study consisted of customers using the ATA Airlines domestic flights departing from Tabriz International Airport. To reach the aim of this study the researcher at first identified the dimensions of service quality in airline industry by surveying in literature review related to subject. Next, by assistant of the supervisor and experts, the questionnaire consistingof forty questions was submitted to the passengers. Then the researcher requested 450 respondents, who were selected through simple judgmental sampling technique to give their idea about agreement and disagreement on a likert scale. Finally by using the questionnaires information the effect of airline service quality or AIRQUAL (including: airline tangibles, terminal tangibles, personnel, empathy, and image) on customer satisfaction, repurchase intention, and word-of-mouth communication investigated. The analyses of data were tested through SPSS and LISREL statistical software. Results revealed that, airline tangibles, terminal tangibles, personnel,empathy, and image have significant affect on customer satisfaction. Findings also showed that customer satisfaction is positively related to repurchase and word-ofmouth intentions and repurchase intention can increase word-of-mouth communication.

R Hazrba aim to identify the relationship Khorramabad city tourism geography with features historic monuments in recognition of the tourism industry and tourism development opportunities and obstacles in this area has been done. Today, the increasing interest of people towards cultural heritage and monuments Vmly the fashion placed. the importance of research in this relationship between the reconstruction and construction of the human environment, natural environment andoffer suggestions for the protection of historical monuments and to help the city is tourism. The research methodology from the standpoint of descriptive and analytical methods used and studies geography Khorramabad city Vmtalh historical monuments, to analyze the role of geography in shaping hanging over the city's historical monuments as well as identifying effective elements in the formation of pay. The present research proposals to develop tourism Khorramabad historical monuments and the role it offers.

Iran People struggle to sit through the forties and fifties solar and the Islamic Revolution led by Imam Khomeini (ra), in addition to important developments in domestic Iranian influence well beyond the borders of his left. Particularly, this has been influential in the cultural field. Religion and culture has been the main approach of this revolution, Of course, one of the revolution factors causing has been cultural and religious background. Therefore its role in the region and the world began and continued in this aspect and not limited to the political dimension. This paper is doneby Descriptive – analytic method. Data and information gathered through books, documents and websites. Research Results showed that Iran's most important religious and cultural practices embodied in the Establishment Institutions such as “Culture and Islamic Relations organization (ICRO)”, “World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools”, “The Ahlal-Bayt W0rld Assembly” and etc.