نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 49، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1394)

The route to satisfaction، peace and prosperity of mankind، there are several obstacles. Some of these barriers are the result of ignorance and self. One of the main obstacles to human health and performance of the current generation of highly endangered is Drug addiction. The present study examined the effects of cognitive - behavioral therapy in reducing student drug addiction relapse And increase their motivation for treatment are referred to health centers of Yazd. The type of research design was semi-experimental pre-test and post-test by control group. in the beginning 30 people of them was randomly assigned and this people including those who were their morphin test were positive. Then all subjects were randomly divided to three groups: experimental group and control group and the placebo group. Three experimental، control and placebo groups during and after the implementation of the independent variables regularly and predicted were morphine tested. after treatment intervention members of three groups again responded to Hermence achievement motivation test. For data analysis، one way ANOVA and Scheffe''s test were used. Results showed that cognitive - behavioral therapy، was effective in reducing the recurrence rate of drug addicted students. With regard to the effective use of effective، cognitive - behavioral therapy in reducing drug relapse and increase the motivation of individuals، Education program aimed at reducing drug relapse and increase the incentive for progress must be made.

the arthritis is believed to be among common diseases which prevail in the developed and developing countries, including Iran. In demographic studies, the prevalence of knee arthritis which stands at %15/3 in the population above 15-years old was shown. Owing to the fact that societies are about to be aged than before, the issue has become a growing significance in the subject matter of public health. The present study is conducted with an aim to investigate into the effect of training based on the planned behavior model on preventing the teachers of preliminary schools from getting knee arthritis. the study as an intervention research is of quasi-experimental kind. The population in question included 114 individuals among female teachers of preliminary schools who were brought to the study randomly and divided into two groups; intervention and non-intervention. Based on the primary results, the educational contents were designed and submitted in the intervention group. After two months of executing the training program, the post test was carried out. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 18. Due to the loss of normality in data distribution, non- parametric tests were used. the study demonstrated that the components of the planned behavior theory (i.e. the attitudes, subjective norms and the control of perceived behavior) could altogether estimate %37 of intention and %43 of behavior. Meanwhile, the role of subjective norms (β =56/0) in predicting intention was overriding, In this study,after the educational program, control of perceived behavior scores increased of 32/50 ± 4/05 to 34/82 ± 5/66. indicating that the major obstacles in adopting behaviors preventing from knee arthritis are the lack of regular physical activity (%72/4) and failure to use western-style toilet (%57). In this Study the effect theory of planned behavior support in predicting exercise intentions and behavior in the prevention of knee osteoarthritis in women teacher.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease distributed worldwide. Early infection by these protozoa can develop an antibody response which is preventive of abortion and congenital Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. This study was conducted to determine Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in women referring to Kashan Reference Laboratory. This descriptive study was carried out in 2008-2012. Blood samples of 434 women referring to Reference laboratory were examined for IgG and IgM antibody of Toxoplasmosis by Elisa method. Out of 434 women, 311 (71.66%) were seronegative, 123 (28.34%) had IgG antibody (≥10 IU/ML), and 7 (1.6%) cases were positive for IgM antibody spontaneously (>=1.1 IU/ML).The highest seropsitive rate was identified in 25-35 year-oldgroup (46.3%) and 35-45 year-old group (26%) respectively. In 36.6% of seropsitive women, a 10-50 IU/ML of IgG antibody was detected and only 5 subjects(4.1%) enjoyed up to 250 IU/ML antibody. This study showed that a high rate (71.66%) of women who had referred to Kashan Reference Laboratory were negative for Toxoplasmosis antibody. This is very important for the reason that many of the pregnant women are susceptible and thus exposed to Toxoplasmosisis. So preventive and educational measures are recommended for women in this region.

Inrecent years, with the aim of reducingaccidents, useofthe behavior-based safetytechniqueshas gained significance. In the present pre- and post-test design quasi–experimental study, the unsafe behaviors of the workers in a car- making factory were evaluated using observation and safety behavior samplingmethod. After description of the unsafe behavior and based on the result of a pilot study and sampling accuracy to %5, 115 workers were selected and a total number of 9200 unsafe behaviors were observed. A questionnaire was used to collect different related variables including personal characteristics. Inthe second phaseafter3 monthsofintervention, includingtrainingworkersandsupervisors, safetysignsand the useofpunishmentandencouragement, observationswere repeated. The resultsindicatedthat workers inthe firstphase showed unsafebehavior up to13.9percent butinthe secondphasethe behaviordeclined to 9.04 percent. Amongthesebehaviors, poorergonomicconditionsandlackofprotective equipmenthad thehighestfrequency. The study detected the relation between the number of unsafe acts and level of education (p=0.04) as well as the history of accidents among the workers (P=0.001) as significant. The results showed the relation between the number of unsafe acts and age, duration of the employment and number of family as unsignificant. The resultsproved atendencyofbehavior-based safetyasthe mainstrategy forreducingthe unsafebehaviorand thuslowering theaccident rateinthe country.

Knowledge management is one of the great achievements of the information and knowledge age. Research shows that the most important factor in the success of knowledge is knowledge-based culture. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the impact of organizational culture on knowledge management; the aim of this study is to examine the impact of organizational culture elements on knowledge management in educational-treatment hospitals in Kerman. This descriptive, cross-sectional and applied study was carried out in 2012 in Afzalipour educational-treatment hospitals of Kerman. Statistical universe included all administrative and Para-clinical staff of this hospital; of them, 86 ones were selected using random cluster sampling method. Data was collected through questionnaires and was analyzed using Pearson correlation and spss statistical software. most studied subjects considered status of organizational culture average (average score: 3.07). The highest score was related to the component “adaptability culture” with average score of 3.18, and the lowest was related to “collaboration culture” with average score of 2.97. Knowledge management was also in poor condition with average score of 2.73. Finally, a statistically significant relationship was obtained between organizational culture and knowledge management with a correlation coefficient of r=0/56; therefore, as organizational culture increases, knowledge management increases too, and all organizational culture components affect knowledge management. organizational culture was in average condition and knowledge management was in poor condition. Concerning a statistically significant relationship between organizational culture and knowledge management, it can be concluded that it will result in successful changes in hospitals and will help mangers make a systematic prediction of change priorities and codify strategies to perform management techniques and processes successfully.

The prevalence of parasitic infections in many countries, especially in developing countries as a health problem arises and intestinal parasitic diseases have adversely effects on quality of life. Mentally disabled individuals that are kept in boarding institutions for various reasons, including close contact with each other, the impossibility of self-care at acceptable levels and the lack of personal hygiene standards are at risk for these infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among mentally retarded residents of Alzahra center in Taft city This descriptive – cross sectional study was carried out on 129 institutions of mentally retarded patients of Taft city in the summer of 2014. Stool samples were collected from each person; direct smear, formalin-ether concentration method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained smear were examined microscopically for intestinal parasites. Data using SPSS software and chisquare test were statistical analyzed. Of 129 disabled patients in this study, 48.1% were male and the rest were female. In this study, a total of 55 cases (42.6%) were infected with at least one of intestinal parasites. Prevalence of intestinal parasites were as follows: Chilomastix mesnil 8 cases (6.2%), Giardia lamblia cysts 17 cases (13.2%), Entamoeba coli cysts 22 cases (17%), Blastocystis hominis 4 cases (3.1%), Iodamoebaa butschlii 3 cases (2.3%) and Endolimax nana 1 case (0.8%). Chi-square test showed that there was no significant relationship between sex and parasitic infection (p>0.05). The results showed that the prevalence of intestinal protozoan particular some pathogen species were higher than expected. Further efforts to improve the health level, early detection and treatment of those infected can limit transmition of infection in the population of mentally retarded.

The most important affect of natural organic matters in water is their reaction with chlorine and producing of disinfection byproducts that are carcinogenic. Humic acid is most common natural organic materials of surface water. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are methods for the removal of organics from aqueous solutions. Application of electron beam radiation is one of these methods for water treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of catalytic oxidation process of electron beam radiation with potassium persulfate in removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions. This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale. In this study, effect of pH (4 -10), initial concentration of potassium persulfate (0.1- 0.5 mmol/100cc), different radiation doses of electron beam (1-15 kGy) and the initial concentration of Humic acid (10-50 mg/l) in removal of humic acid were studied. Electron irradiation performed using an electron accelerator model TT200. Residual concentrations of humic acid in the samples determined by spectrophotometer UV/Vis at a wavelength of 254 nm. Based on the results, changes in pH had little effect on the Humic acid removal efficiency. The average, with increasing of pH from 4 to 10, the removal efficiency of humic acid from 72.59% to 73.36% increased, respectively. The results showed that increasing of the dose from 1 to 15 kGy, humic acid removal efficiency increases. Based on results by increasing of persulfate concentration, the removal efficiency increased so that with increasing of concentration of potassium persulfate from 0.1 to 0.5 mmol/100cc, removal efficiency from 69.43% to 83.82% was increased. Kinetic experiments showed that the decomposition of humic acid by electron beam radiation followed the second-order kinetic. The data from this study showed that the aqueous solution containing acid Humic is decomposed effectively by electron beams irradiation. Addition of potassium persulfate can be have significant improvements in removal efficiency of humic acid in the presence of electron beam.

Since aflatoxin can lead to cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer, its removal from and adsorption in the foodstuff is very important. The aim of this study was to design and synthesize nanocellulose improved by vitamin A and to evaluate its capability for aflatoxin adsorption. First, nanocellulose was synthesized by acid hydrolysis and was improved by vitamin A through cross-linker. Then, to study the structure and to confirm improvement, scanning electron microscopy and furrier transform infra-red spectroscopy were used respectively. In the next step, the quantity of aflatoxin adsorption was evaluated at different temperatures, times, pHs, and concentrations. Also, to study the molecular aspect of aflatoxin adsorption, the molecular simulation software was used. The characterization results showed that improved nanocellulose was nanowire with the height of 100 and weight of 5 nm, and the improvement was confirmed by spectroscopy. This study demonstrated that increase in temperature and time leads to increase in adsorption, however, increase of pH leads to the decrease of adsorption. Computer simulation showed aflatoxin and improved nanocellulose adsorption and stabilization after 1 ns. This research revealed that aflatoxin can be adsorbed by nanocellulose improved by vitamin A. The adsorption proved to be temperatures, times, pH, and concentration dependent.

stress is an effective factor on peoples practice and can threat the health of people and teaching is an stress full job in the world. Anxiety is a diseases or a psychological symptom of the stress. Researches show a direct association between stress and anxiety. Teacher's anxiety can effects the teaching quality and Barricade a continues communication between teacher and student during teaching. Some part of anxiety conducive factors is job related factors and some are related to their personality. As in the literature, only the anxiety status of teachers. the quasi-experimental study was carried out on 100 persons of teachers of 8 high schools of Meybod districts which were selected randomly. Data collection tool was questionnaire including demographic section and spilberger situational and personality anxiety scale. Intervention program included 5 educational sessions of stress management which handled by a psychiatrist. A pre-test was carried out before intervention and the post-test carried out two month after intervention. Data were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA by SPSS 16. the mean of personality anxiety score among teachers were 38/74±7/33 before intervention and 38/53±6/56 after intervention and the mean score of situational anxiety was 40/65±7/10 before intervention and 38/87±6/90 after intervention. The intervention program was not statistically significant in reducing the personality anxiety of the teachers (p=0/70) but it significantly decreased the situational anxiety among them (p=0/019). As the percent of people with moderate situational anxiety decreased from 34/4 to 28/7. Moreover, the effect of educational program on the situational and personality anxiety according to age, gender, education level and teaching history was not different. regarding the high level of anxiety among teachers and necessity of doing interventional program, planned stress management educations are successful in reducing anxiety. That programs which are presented to persons step by step, provide a cognition of the environment and it's stressful factors to individuals and finally reduces the stress and then the anxiety level. Determining the efficacy of the programs on personality anxiety requires studies with longer follow up.

The lack of correct control of mercury in dental amalgam can cause problems in dental workers health by releasing mercury vapor over the standard limits in working environment. Therefore،the present study was accomplished by the aim of the Comparison of the knowledge and attitude between Yazd general dentists and the last year students of dentistry in Shahid Sadoughi University about mercury hygiene in 2014. In this descriptive-cross sectional study،a questionnaire which it's validity and reliability was confirmed by statistical tests and experts، was distributed among 87 dentists which were selected by simple random sampling and 29 students in last year education. This questionnaire included three parts of: demographic data and the questions related to knowledge and attitude about mercury hygiene in working environment. For analyzing data the SPSS ver. 16،Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal Wallis test were used. The average score of dentists and students was 4. 71±2. 1 and 13. 9±1. 5 but the difference between them was not statistically significant. (P=0. 088) The results showed that dentists have moderate knowledge and attitude and the students of last year had weak knowledge and moderate attitude to mercury hygiene in their working environment.

The Environmental social factors such as peer groups and sports increase individual enjoyment andhelp them toevolve. Peer groups, physical activities, and sports might be effective factors on accelerating teenagers and youth socialization andpsycho-social evolution. University and school play an important role in joining the students into peer groups and sport teamsand as a dynamic factor in social development and evolution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the students’ points of view of the effect of peer groups and sports on education and training process. This analyticalcross-sectional study wasperformed on406 Yazd University students in 2010-2011 academic year. The students were selected using stratified random sampling and completed a researcher-made questionnaire with a Cronbach Alpha of 82.7%. Descriptive statistics such as mean, medium and standard deviation were calculated and Chi Square, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and one-Way ANOVA were used to test the hypotheses. Resalts: The results, statistically significant, indicated that 88% of the students considered peer groups and 78.2 % considered sports as highly effective factorson education and training process (p≤ 0.01). Among the demographic variables, only the marital status had a significant relationship with peer groups and sports. Also mother’s occupation had a significant relationship with peer groups. There was no significant relationship between other variables and the mentioned social variables. The students’ points of view showed that peer groups and sports have a very high effect on education and training process thus leading to the improvement of social relationship and increasinglearning in different groups. Therefore, strengthening the peer groups and sport teams in educational environments has a very important influence on socialization of teenagers and youth thereby facilitating the acquisition of life skills and learning process and thus the education and training development in society

Groundwater resources are as one of the most important water resource in arid and semi- arid areas, thenprotection of their qualityis very important. On the other hand, monitoring andevaluating the groundwaterqualityarecomplex andexpensive, so usinginterpolation methodslooknecessary. Inthisresearch, thespatial and temporalvariationsofwaterqualityparametersinKoohpaye– Segzi Plainof EsfahanincludingEc, TDSandNain theperiods of 1374-1389 werestudied andthe rateand direction ofchanges inwater qualityparametersare specified. First, four the geostatisticalanddeterministic methodsexecutableinArcGIS 9.3, including the Kriging, CoKriging, RBF and IDW, were studied.Then the best of function and equationwere selected for each of the mentionedmethodsand the best method for each parameter in each year of data period based on the lowest value of RMSE. FinallyzoningmapparametersinArcGIS 9.3,was plotted The result obtained are showed that for each year and parameter specific method with function or power have best result and regular trend are not exist in there. But, in years after 1383, Kriging and CoKriging method have best results than other mothods. The resultsshow thatwaterquality inKoohpaye– SegziPlainhavedramaticallyreduced in 1389than in1374.Most ofthechangeshave been occurrednearzayanderood river, as critical points have been appeared in Southern area of this plain. This show the effective role of zayanderood river in groundwater aquifer.

Nursing Profession is stressful and the stress of the job, it will eventually cause burnout but people's different perception of stressful event can adjust this relation. The purpose of study is to assessment burnout on nurses in ICU, emergency and surgical and relationship with perceived stress. This is a descriptive analytically cross-sectional study. The population of study were all male and female nurses who are working in 4 teaching hospitals which were located in Sari (N=180). The sample of study based on Krejcie & Morgan tables included 120 nurses whom selected Stratified random from all the nurses working in ICU, emergency and surgical wards. The research instrument was Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale and Tedym burnout. For analyzing the data ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and enter regression analysis were used. Results showed that there is no significant difference in burnout between the nurses in Emergency,ICU and surgery(F=1/683and P=0/191).There was a negative significant relationship between Positive perception of stress and burnout(R = -0/307, P =0/001)and also positive significant correlation between negative perception of stress and burnout (R =0/404, P =0/000).The regression analysis showed that negative perception of stress has the highest proportion in explaining of burnout(β= 0/333). assessment practices a key role in moderating the effects of stress in the workplace has been the experience, Therefore, identifying individuals who are perceived negative job stress In order to change their negative assessment of the situation causing stress in the workplace can reduce burnout and improve the quality of nursing care.