International Journal of Pediatrics
Volume:3 Issue: 17, May 2015

Hyperpigmentation over face in a neonate is rare and the differentials for the same are also rare. Congenital chikungunya, fungal and viral infections, drug rash are few differentials. Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) infection manifesting in neonates is very rare. The prevalence of the entity was described only recently. We describe a neonate with hyperpigmentation on day 3 of life with stormy course thereafter. The distinguishing rash on face helped us in clinching the diagnosis of congenital chikungunya and fungal sepsis. Identification of this entity was based on characteristic skin rash and epidemiological background.

Wiskott-Aldrich is an X-lined recessive disorder typically characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema and recurrent infections. We report the four- year treatment progress of a six- year old boy, who initially presented with vesicular lesions over the trunk, upper and lower extremities and face and blood tinged stools at the age of 2 weeks. From the family pedigree, there were two suspected cases that were never successfully diagnosed with similar symptoms. The patient was diagnosed with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and underwent symptomatic treatment and treatment with prednisolone for the last four years. The platelet count over these four years was also studied.

Nearly 80% of young people today will never be able to retire. Why? Because they lack the personal finance training that leads to long-term planning and future security. Connecting the dots between kids and money management skills prepares them for the financial realities the world will face over the next century. Pocket money is one of the first ways for children to learn the basics of managing money – a skill they’ll definitely need for life – and it makes children feel independent. Whether to give pocket money, and at what age, and how much to give are issues that often concern parents. There are many ways to handle this. To a large extent it depends on family values, practices and finances. The main reason for giving children pocket money is to help children learn to be able to manage money while they are still young and parents can guide them. It also may help children to feel that they are important members of the family, because they are given part of the family's spending money.

Hospitalization and medical experiences can be confusing and stressful for children, teens and their families. It is very common for young people and their families to have many questions when they are scheduled for surgery or hospitalization. When children are given opportunities to cope successfully with medical experiences, they may see themselves as more capable, more in control, and more reassured. This success often leads to a more positive sense of self, as well as a healthier regard for medical procedures in general. Also, previous medical experiences can affect how the child will react to hospitalization. It is important to maintain a normal routine and activities, such as playing and schooling. Family and friend’s child should be encouraged to visit the child patient. The best way to prepare the child for hospitalization is to prepare ourselves by understanding what will occur.

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PID) are rare and heterogeneous congenital diseases leading to increased unusual susceptibility to developing infections and causing some malignancies and autoimmune diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate characteristics of these diseases in patients attending the clinic of immunodeficiency diseases in Kerman. In a case series study from 2003 to 2014 in the clinic of immunodeficiency diseases in Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman, 32 patients with primary immunodeficiency disease were included. Data was analyzed by statistical software SPSS-19. The level of significance was considered P<0.05 in all cases. The mean age at the onset of symptoms was 4.45 ± 4.35 years. About 60% of patients had phagocytic disorders. Antibody deficiencies were seen in approximately 20% of patients. X-linked agammaglobulinemia was reported in about 6.5% of patients. About 75% of parents were relatives. Developing pneumonia was observed as the most common infection in about 70% followed by adenitis which existed in 47% of cases. This study revealed that intra-family marriages can be a risk factor for the development of PID in children. So it is essential to recommend genetic counseling before marriage and pregnancy in addition to improving awareness of families with known disease.

Inadequate milk intake during the first year of neonate’s life can result in weight loss, severe hyperbilirubinemia, and sometimes hypernatremia. We aimed to determine the relationship between neonatal weight loss and hypernatremia in term breastfed infants with idiopathic jaundice, as well as the necessity of sodium concentration measurement in newborns with idiopathic jaundice via weight loss measurement. In this cross-sectional study, we examined 273 infants with jaundice of unknown etiology at Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad- Iran, in 2008 to 2012. The study sample consisted of 226 infants in the control group (serum sodium concentration <150 mg/dl) and 47 infants in the case group (serum sodium concentration ≥150 mg/dl). The subjects were evaluated in terms of weight change and neonatal risk factors. Finally, we assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of weight loss in the measurement of serum sodium concentration. The mean sodium concentration was 155.8±5.51 mg/dl in the case group, and 139.4±4.09 mg/dl in the control group. There was a significant relationship between weight loss and hypernatremia (P<0.001). With 70% sensitivity and 83.6% specificity, the positive predictive value of ≥ 1.5% daily weight loss was 50% for hypernatremia, in infants younger than 10 days of age; the negative predictive value was 92% (P≤0.001). According to the results, the measurement of sodium concentration is not required in the first ten days of neonate’s life if total weight loss is less than 7% or daily weight loss is less than 1.5%.

A great percentage of AIDS infections occur in adolescence and youth. Since that, studing and finding the most efficient teaching methods in order to improve their information (knowledge) and attitude also to create positive one and to create preventive measures in the young and adolescent, is of great significance and priority. 7 schools were picked randomly among different Mashhad educational districts. From these schools, 650 students were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups:1-Education with lecture, 2-Education with guidebook, 3-Education with lecture and guidebook, 4-Without any education. Firstly, basic knowledge and attitude of students on AIDS were evaluated. Then their educational needs and curriculum were designed. Then 2 weeks after conducting the education, student's knowledge (study groups) and attitude were evaluated. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between 4 groups’ knowledge and attitude in the pre-test, also there was no significant difference between knowledge and attitude in the control group before and after the training program. But there was a significant difference between knowledge and attitude in the intervention group before and after implementing the training program (P=0.000). After the training, the mean scores of knowledge in the simultaneous method had statistically significant difference with the control group (P= 0.000), but that was not the case with guide book group. Although the mean score of the individuals in the guide book group was more than those of in the control group, the significance of this difference wasn’t confirmed by ANOVA. Results also showed that the mean scores of attitude in speech training and guide book methods had statistically significant difference with the control group (P= 0.000). To improve students’ knowledge, education by both lecture and guidebook, and to improve their attitude or to create a positive one, lecture method are preferred.

Sleep disorders can influence either directly or indirectly, on the family, colleagues and finally the community. In the realm of children, the most serious complications of sleep are anxiety and behavioral problems that make them prone to academic failure, family tensions and psychosocial – social trauma. In a descriptive correlational survey, the study population consisted of all female students of second courses of primary schools in Yazd city, Central of Iran, by using Cochran formula with confidence level of 95% and probable accuracy of 5%, a sample size of 259 people was identified. Sampling group was chosen by multistage clustering method and questionnaire: assessment of children s’ sleep habits (Evans, 2000), multidimensional scale of children anxiety (March, Parker, Sullivan, Staling and Conrez, 1997) and questionnaire of children s’ behavioral problems (Rutter, 1970) were used. The method was based on the data collecting by descriptive – correlation kind. The results showed that 74.9 percent of students in a low value and 25.1 percent at in a moderate value had sleep disorders. There was a significant and direct relationship between sleep disturbance and anxiety (r=0/346 and p<0.001). Also there was a substantial and direct relationship between sleep disorders and behavioral problems in students(r=0.545 and p< 0/001). There was no notable difference between sleep disturbance based on educational grade (P> 0.05 and F= 0.089). The current study showed that the 2/3 of students had low and 1/3 had moderate sleep disorders. There was a significant and direct relationship between sleep disorders and anxiety and also between sleep disorders and behavioral problems. It is recommended that parents must have a special attention to the children sleep

Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry (TcB) is a simple method for estimating bilirubin levels in neonates. This method is noninvasive, quick, and painless. We aimed to compare serum and cutaneous bilirubin measurements in term neonates. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 neonates with icter and birth weights of at least 2,500 grams were studied. TcB was measured using a bilirubinometer three times on the forehead and mean levels were calculated. Then, during the subsequent 30 minutes blood samples were obtained and sent to the laboratory for determining the Total Serum Bilirubin (TSB) levels. Of the 200 neonates, 124 (62%) were boys and 76 (38%) were girls, with an age range of 1-22 days. The mean±SD serum and cutaneous bilirubin levels were 18.75±5.38 and 17.85±4.46 mg/dl, respectively. A high correlation (r=0.89) was observed between TSB and TcB. The sensitivity and specificsity of cutaneous bilirubin measurement were 95.1% and 68%, respectively. Because of its high sensitivity, TcB can be a suitable tool for predicting neonatal icter. However, it is not a suitable substitute for TSB measurement in neonates at a high risk of jaundice.