فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، زمستان 1393)

With regard to increasing population growth، the demand for food products، including livestock production also increases. Thus، it is really important to pay enough attention to livestock production system in the process of food security of the country. Livestock and livestock products provide direct cash income. Some agricultural researchers believe that livestock are alive agricultural banks. Furthermore، livestock is a source of protein and manure which are useful in human nutrition and soil fertility respectively. Thus، livestock industrialization can be considered as a solution to overcoming rural development problems especially food security problems. Accordingly، the main question of this study was: what are the barriers of industrialization of animal husbandry in Ghaleh Ganj County of Kerman Province?

A survey research method was used in this study. A researcher constructed questionnaire was developed and utilized to collect data. Furthermore، face validity procedure was used to ensure the validity of the supposed questionnaire and its reliability was also verified calculating Cronbach''s Alpha reliability coefficient (from 0. 532 to 0. 733) based on the data collected in a pilot study. This research was conducted in Ghaleh Ganj County of Kerman Province. This County consists of five districts. Three districts were selected randomly. 810 livestock breeders lived in these districts. About 266 ones of them were selected and studied based on Kerjcie and Morgan Sampling Table and stratified sampling procedure. Different statistical analyses such as frequency، mean score، standard deviation، coefficient of variation، cluster analysis and paired t-test were used to analyze data.

The findings of this study showed that there are different barriers in the process of animal husbandry industrialization i. e.: Economic barriers: high feed prices، low financial abilities of the breeders، high purchasing costs of equipment Structural barriers: lack of land ownership documents، land transfer problems، lack of high yield adopted races Education- extension barriers: low competency extension officers، lack of access to research centers associated with livestockSocio- cultural barriers: low risk-taking spirit، multi job attribute of people and aged structure of themOrganizational barriers: Lack of attention to the livestock sector in the country''s macroeconomic policies، lack of support from Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization especially in the early stages of production، and the cumbersome administrative regulationsGeographical barriers: mismatch of the used material with local conditions and construction of livestock units close to the villageIndividual barriers: dependency to state supports، low technical knowledge of the breeders and unwillingness of them for continuous relationships with each other Moreover، the comparative analysis of the above barriers showed that organizational، structural، economic، socio-cultural، individual، geographical and education- extension barriers ranked from first to seventh respectively.

The results of this study showed that organizational and structural barriers are the most important inhibitors of livestock industrialization. Moreover، livestock industrialization barriers have a high level in the study area. Thus، more attention should be paid to this issue.

Today، rural tourism plays an important role as a productive factor and new sources of employment and income in rural communities. Over the past decades rural areas in many countries have faced the pressures of economic transition. Traditionally، strong primary industries such as fishing، agriculture، and forestry have declined dramatically، and many places have viewed tourism and related industries as replacements for traditional rural livelihoods. Governments can play active roles in tourism. In short the literature suggests rural tourism development policy approaches require: regeneration/revitalization، horizontal and vertical integration، interdependence، stewardship/sustainability، mediation، cataclysm، service and welfare provisions، spatiality awareness، intra and inter regional complementariness، opportunism، realism and quality Rural Tourism encompasses a huge range of activities، natural or manmade attractions، amenities and facilities، transportation، marketing and information systems. Tourism development requires attractions، promotion، infrastructure and services and hospitality rural tourism demand is often difficult to influence and manage. Rural tourism- based businesses are smaller and newer than other forms of economic activity in rural areas. They are located in remote areas، with low capital base، and function with low- level skills and little tourism experience and development of tourism business and infrastructure would stimulate economics، small businesses and provide rural population with alternative income. Rural tourism is very diverse and fragmented in terms of operational structures، activities، markets and operating environments. Rural economies are limited by two factors; they are based on agricultural production and in many developed countries they are reliant on government policies. To the fast growing and profitable small and medium businesses belongs rural tourism which gives an incentive to work، to preserve and rationally use local resources، cultural and historical heritage. Most rural tourism businesses are small، owner-operated، and act as a second income، so they generally are not earning a lot of money. This income is still important however; as it increases the economic viability of businesses on-and-off the farm rural tourism is a growth industry and can be accredited to changes in lifestyle، higher levels of disposable income، car ownership and second holiday/ weekend break markets. Hence، this is important to identifying factors that affect it. This survey was accomplished in the rural’s sector of Kan. A survey was performed of rural villages sooleghan (Sangan noa، Sangan Bala، Sangan Paeen، Sangan Vasat، Bagh Dareye Sangan، Vardij، Talun، Kigah، Varish، Imam Zadeh Davud، Keshar Sofla، Keshar Oliya، Rendane and Sooleghan) with the population 2767 patients (708 households). Because of a relatively high number of households، more natural attractions and easy access for tourists to these areas 7 Villages (Sooleghan، Vardij، Sangan Paeen، Keshar Oliya، Rendan، Imam Zadeh Davood and Kigah) were selected for this study. Was used questionnaire for data collection and data analysis whit SPSS software. Results showed that the natural attractions and places of pilgrimage was important reason to visit the rural. Among the positive points that had were a huge impact on tourism in the region، low part of the rural to Tehran، the nature of the pristine and beautiful natural attractions in the area، a few number of small and medium size enterprise tourism oriented in the region and religious at the over hand the unwillingness of young people to work in agriculture sector، offered appropriate credit facilities from government and quiet facilities for the tourists were the least impact on tourism activities. Seasonal tourism in the region، inadequate systems of information and advertising in tourism، the need for large capital for small and medium size enterprises tourism oriented، lack of proper roads and communication routes، have been introduced as the most important shortcomings in the creation and expansion of small and medium size enterprises tourism. little experience and skill in relation to tourism business، tourism’s markets of neighboring towns، strict and restrictive taxes and the state laws، supervision and strict control over the activities of firms and dealers and agricultural products and handicrafts of intermediaries were not important barriers to development of tourism activity. Residents of perspective education was substantial’s role of government to improve the tourism activity and next in rating as its role in the development of the tourism business was the construction of roads and routes، improve the mobile services، and introducing region as a one of the tourism axis. Final priorities of the government''s role were about the tourism enterprises pay the low loans and credits، supporting rural initiatives and new ideas related to tourism business، grant facilities to the tourists to travel during the recession in tourism and training courses for rural people who are willing to work in the tourism sector. Among the extracted factors in factor analysis test، context– Infrastructure factor whit the special value 5/78، was recognized the most effective factor in the creation and expansion of economic activities oriented tourism enterprises. Also was observed Positive correlation among the factors detected. At the end of on the basis of result have been suggested some strategy and solution to improve and develop rural tourism activity and small and medium size enterprises.

Supply of social welfare including the most important goals of any economic system and providing suitable conditions for life of all segments of society is considered the main task of economic actors and authorities. Thus، the change in social welfare including the areas of assessment is the economic systems. Changes in welfare and living conditions in human settlements، especially in deprived and marginalized areas that in terms of the level of welfare and development indicators faced with a variety of challenges and problems، makes it essential more than any other issue study and measure social welfare. Study and measurement of social welfare in order to monitor the policies and programs of welfare and social security is a basic necessity and requirement. Because based on its findings، decision makers with an understanding of the forces that act within rural settlements and governments، are better able to develop interaction and policies that result in improvability، lived and stability be in these areas. Hence the present study aimed to measurement the social welfare in rural areas of Township Zahak (Sistan and Baluchestan province) located in the South East of Iran has tried to analyze the social welfare indicators. The research method is descriptive- analytical survey، based on a completing the questionnaires. The population of the study are all households living in rural areas of Township Zahak، that based on 1390 the census has been population of 61،090 people and 14،709 rural households. In this study were selected 30 villages as research sample. Method of sampling were using the Cochrane method that were selected the number of 329 heads of household as the samples. Research indicators and variables are included: employment and income، housing، health and medical، health، leisure، participation، education، access and of life satisfaction. Collected data through statistical methods are processed and analyzed by SPSS software. Findings and In order to study thelevel of social welfare in the villages studied were the significance level of less than 0. 05 and was approved from the statistical viewpoint and the level of social welfare in terms of all the indicators of the economic and social dimensions، with an average value of 2. 76 was measured below average and poor. Since the main livelihood of the villagers is based on agriculture and subdivision and with the emergence of long droughts in the past، including the past 15 years (1998-2013) and after the closure of the border (2005 -2011) rural social welfare state is damaged greatly. However have been neglected an alternative livelihoods for the villagers. Because their livelihoods (agriculture، livestock، fishing and handicrafts) is damaged seriously. Also access to welfare services، participation in rural development is low and weak. In addition because of weather and natural problems، lack of adequate access to health care is an unfavorable villagers health conditionsAccording to the statistical results indicators of «health»، «education» and «housing» are sequentially ranked first to third and indicators «leisure»، «life satisfaction» and «income and employment» have taken place in the final ranking. In the villages studied، because of relative access to clean drinking water، nutrition، physical and mental health of relative household، health indicators have taken place in the first rank. But in connection with indicators with lowest ranking are noteworthy the lack of infrastructure and recreational facilities and Pleasant entertainment، the basic weakness of the rural economy in the region and unfavorable climate (which has a lot of negative consequences) and the inadequate support from the government to diversify the rural economy. The village of «Qala No» with the mean (3. 32)، the highest and village «Deh Mastikhoon» with the mean (1. 92) have the lowest rates of social welfare. The results indicate that the level of social welfare in the villages studied، in terms of all the the indicators studied is below average and poor. This indicates that the welfare state the region especially in terms of basic indicators of employment، income and access has not been considered necessary and revision of in planning and policy making of welfare is necessary. Status welfare villages in the region over all challenged in the fields of life satisfaction، income، employment and leisure. But welfare status of sample villages in relation to indicators of health، education، housing، is a little better. However، the health of rural people is threatened because of unfavorable climatic conditions، water fluctuations and droughts، resulting in a weakness economic foundation. Study of the social welfare in each of the villages in the sample indicated that there were significant differences. Village of “Qala No”، because having tourist attraction and better economic opportunities have most level of welfare and the village “Deh Mastikhoon”، have the lowest social welfare.

Environmental problems are typically complex، uncertain، multi-scale and affect multiple actors and agencies. This demands transparent decision-making that is flexible to changing circumstances، and embraces a diversity of knowledge and values. To achieve this، stakeholder participation is increasingly being sought and embedded into environmental decision-making processes، from local to international scales. Widespread acceptance and promotion of participation has partly been driven by increasing public scepticism about science، increasing knowledge and interest in environmental decisions and ongoing policy trends that emphasize sustain-able development and partnership working. In order to co-management of natural resources in rural areas، it is necessary to consider rangeland utilizers. Co-management، or the joint management of the commons، is often formulated in terms of some arrangement of power sharing between the State and a community of resource users. In reality، there often are multiple local interests and multiple government agencies at play، and co-management can hardly be understood as the interaction of a unitary State and a homogeneous community. Typically، co-management of common-pool resources، such as fisheries and forests، are depicted as some kind of power-sharing arrangement between the State and a community of resource users. This picture is based on an ideal image of the State as some kind of monolithic structure، and neglects the fact that not only communities، but also the State itself has many faces. By over-emphasizing the formal aspect of such power sharing arrangement، one might run the risk of disregarding the functional side of co-management which should be under-stood as a continuous problem-solving process. This is also necessary to pay attention to social capital of local stakeholders. Social capital is often suggested as having a beneficial effect on the capacity of individuals to organize themselves effectively، and together with leadership، is often seen as crucial for the initiation and maintenance of environmental conservation and management at the community level. Todays، social network analysis method could solve problems and challenges in this case for managers and planners of natural resources and characterize mathematical and quantitative indices. Recent social network studies have begun to contribute a greater understanding of how resource governance systems and their composite institutions function، and why some are more successful than others. Social networks are comprised of actors who are tied to one another through socially meaningful relations. These relations can then be analyzed for structural patterns that emerge among these actors. Thus، an analyst of social networks looks be yond attributes of individuals to also examine the relations among actors، how actors are positioned within a network، and how relations are structured into overall net-work patterns. Both the social network and resource management literature discuss ways in which networks influence individual actors and groups. In this research، main aim is determine dimensions of social capital such as trust، cooperation and social cohesion among stakeholders in Kalate Rudbar in Damghan region، called Gajin Dasht. In this customary area 33 utilizers use rangelands under co-license. First، target groups have identified according to field works and talks. Then، we have used questionnaires and produced matrixes and analyzed it in software. Indices in macro and micro levels have analyzed. According to these indices، social cohesion، sustainability of network and power of every person have characterized. The amount of social cohesion among stakeholders in Gajin Dasht is medium; therefore، social capital is also medium. Network sustainability is also medium and this is necessary to improve trust and collaboration. Some persons had more scores compare to others according to centrality degree and these could have better social power and controlling power. These should be local leaders for co-management of rangelands and could develop trust through the network and increase social capital. Lack of key actors، co-management will not success. Centrality shows topology of each actor in network. Based to this research، network analysis could be a good method for natural resources management to gain social-ecological sustainability. In this area، for implementation of rangeland co-management should be improved social cohesion، trust and social capital among users because social capital is a main factor in the level successful of co-management plan. Social capital can be a fundamental indicator for sustainable rural development. We have discussed the relation between social network structure and function in natural resource management. We have furthermore highlighted network measures used to quantify structures in social networks and linked these to features identified as important in enhancing adaptive management of ecosystems. Therefore، this research indicates main indicators in the macro and micro levels of network that have intensive relation to the level successful of natural resources co-management.

Fishing is one of the most important agricultural sub-sectors. In this sub-sector more than 100 million tons of fish is produced per year that is effective in human nutrition and well-being، so by providing livelihood to more than 200 million people. Southern part of Caspian Sea with very different characteristics، suffers from various coastal problems. This area is over-populated and its sensitive and unique habitats must be protected from destruction. Biodiversity is under threat in some areas and natural resources are deteriorating. In this area there is a pattern of cooperative utilization known as PAREH cooperatives. Each cooperative is comprised of 60 to 120 fishermen. In the Southern part of the Caspian Sea one governmental pattern is dominant and cooperatives have the right to exploit in a special range and in a specific time (second six months of the year). Since this pattern only pays attention to exploitation of fish stocks، management، conservation and recreation is neglected. Gilan Province with the highest employment in coastal fishing and the lowest five-year average catch is the most challenging province in terms of PAREH cooperatives functions. According to the previous and Field studies، the basic parameters and variables derived and Management model for sustainable coastal fishing of the coast of Northern provinces in general، And the Gilan province in particular، classified into the following four cases. 1) Sustainable coastal fishery، 2) Beach management، 3) Resources reconstruction management، 4) Conservation management. This paper tries to prioritize the aspects affecting the sustainable management of coastal fishing then find which dimension is better in terms of stability and then find out which of the cities of the province has better situation in terms of ideal conditions for sustainable management of coastal fishing. In this research for priorities and ranking cities of Gilan province in terms of sustainable management of fishing PAREH cooperatives TOPSIS technique has been used. TOPSIS is one of the most efficient methods of multiple criteria decision making approach for prioritizing alternatives based on similarities to ideal solution. TOPSIS is to prioritize ideas by measuring the degree of similarity with the ideal mode. This is based on the Euclidean distance between the case and ideal mode. The best solution is a solution with the minimum distance between the case and ideal solution and has the farthest distance with non-ideal solutions. The research populations are 1) the CEO or board of directors of PAREH cooperatives in Gilan; 2) experts of Fisheries Research Organization in Tehran and Gilan and experts in sustainable coastal fishery management. The first group was asked to assess the sustainability of cooperatives and the second group was asked to find options for sustainable management of coastal fishing and prioritization of sustainability indicators affecting coastal management in the province. The first sample size was calculated according to the Cochran sampling formula that obtained in 36 cases and second sample were 20 experts which Snowball method is the technique used for selecting them. As the first specialist in the field of sustainable coastal fishery management model was selected and then the next person identified and selected by previous expert. The weights are calculated using the Delphi technique shows that policy dimension has the maximum weight among Indices of sustainable management of coastal fishing PAREH cooperatives. The results also hunted coastal city Langerood in terms of sustainable coastal fishing management has the minimum distance with the ideal solution، also it should be mentioned that Talesh and Astara cities are unsustainable cities of the province in terms of coastal fishingDiscussion and The results showed that the city Langerood in term of sustainable management of coastal fishing has the minimum distance from the ideal solution. However، the other fishing cooperatives of Gilan province، especially cooperatives in the west of the province are far from ideal model and are less stable. It should be mentioned that Fishing in the East to the West coast of the Caspian Sea is deteriorated. as we move from Golestan province instability in coastal fishing is increased. This is also true for fishing cooperatives in the province so Unsustainable fishing in the cities of west much higher than in east of the province. According to the results and high ecological instability in the coastal area of the Gilan province، spatial، fishing tool and time policy should be considered strictly and fishing in other seasons should be deal seriously and fishing in the spawning season should be prevented. Additionally the reconstruction effort should be considered seriously in the fisheries organization agenda، and measures should be implemented to involve fishermen in controlling and monitoring process of fishing and fishery resources to economize Fishing in the Caspian Sea. Also fish culture in cages can prevent additional pressure on the sea.

Assessment of quality of life in rural planning is a major priority. Because quality of life factors influences in other aspects of rural life، this subject is particularly important in rural areas. In many of different applications and planning for local، regional and national، improving the quality of life of people is essential and priorities. In this regard، rural settlements due to lack of adequate facilities and services، Quality of life in this areas are located in the lower level. This is especially so in developing countries such as Iran visible. Factors quality of life influences in other aspects of rural life and this improving the quality of life in rural areas، leads to sustainable development، social and physical development in rural areas. The main objective of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between the quality of life rural Residents with their sense of place after some rural areas were selected from Zarandiyeh County. The method of the research is descriptive-analytic based on survey method. Data of the research has been obtained from the survey based on a questionnaire and qualitative interview techniques that collected from 305 rural households. The obtained results show that among the factors of the quality of life in 15 villages، economic indicators and duration of residence in the village، they have the greatest impact on the sense of place. The results indicate that the economic، social، cultural and environmental indicators have significant difference among the villages. Today the Quality of life is discussed as a key element in rural planning and development. In many of different applications and planning for local، regional and national، improving the quality of life of people is essential and priorities. In this regard، rural settlements due to lack of adequate facilities and services، Quality of life in this areas are located in the lower level. This is especially so in developing countries such as Iran visible. Factors quality of life influences in other aspects of rural life and this improving the quality of life in rural areas، leads to sustainable development، social and physical development in rural areas. So far، due to lack of rural infrastructure، many of the rural population have migrated to Cities. One of the reasons for the sense of belonging or not belonging to places is the quality of rural life. The aim of this research is analyze the quality of life and its relation with sense of place in rural areas. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of rural life and its impact on the sense of place. Statistical population is all households in villages with over 20 families. This research aims Identifying and explaining the factors affecting on sense of place. In this study، 15 villages with 305 households in the sample population of this study consist of the district of center Zarandieh. Methods in This study are a qualitative survey based on a close questionnaire and Qualitative interviews. In addition، I used Mix methods of qualitative and quantitative methods by using chi-square tests of correlation. The results show that the index of economic، social، cultural، and length of residence in the selected villages، has a greater effect on their sense of place. The results are shown on the zoning map. Today the Quality of life is discussed as a key element in rural planning and development. In many of different applications and planning for local، regional and national، improving the quality of life of people is essential and priorities. In this regard، rural settlements due to lack of adequate facilities and services، Quality of life in this areas are located in the lower level. This is especially so in developing countries such as Iran visible. Factors quality of life influences in other aspects of rural life and this improving the quality of life in rural areas، leads to sustainable development، social and physical development in rural areas. So far، due to lack of rural infrastructure، many of the rural population have migrated to Cities. One of the reasons for the sense of belonging or not belonging to places is the quality of rural life.

The quality of life is concept that use for drawing of society welfare. In fact the quality of life is reflect، the life''s condition and welfare of people at various levels: personal، familial and social. The first environmental effect that a person receives is family environment، and even the influence of other environment can be derived from the same family. So can be said that generally the family will be effect in quality of person''s life. This topic most appears in relation with kind and structure of family، where kind of family in the satisfaction of people especially young couples indicator quality of life had a different effect. On this basis، the main purpose of this study is evaluation and comparative of life''s quality of extended and nuclear families in rural areas of Poshtab district. The study area consist of 9 villages of the Adimi and Ghaemabad Rurals in district Poshtab of Zabol. The statistical community including 113 extended family and 115 nuclear family that have marriage since 1385 year on wards. The these family have selected a random sample and whit the help of manager rural from 2 Adimi and Ghaemabad Rurals، district Poshtab of Zabol. The research method is descriptive and analytical، that primary data collected from a library، internet sources and scientific sites، and after survey the sources، objective and subjective indicators of quality of life for both of nuclear and extended family at questionnaire design and were distributed in samples villages. For data analysis have used of SPSS 16 and statistical methods consist of data frequency distribution for determine the percentage of characteristic respondents and T test for evaluation of significant difference in satisfaction of young couples at indicators of life quality in 2 types of family structure. Generally the family will be effect in quality of person''s life. This topic most appears in relation with kind and structure of family، where kind of family in the satisfaction of people especially young couples indicator quality of life had a different effect. On this basis، the main purpose of this study is evaluation and comparative of life''s quality of extended and nuclear families in rural areas of Poshtab district. According to importance of quality of life in the welfare of people and the feeling of satisfaction individuals different aspects of life، in comparison done of the satisfaction from quality of life indicators at two different levels of family in rural areas of Poshtab part of Zabol، this result was that a young couples to live with father family and to form of extended، with young couples that was independent after marriage، make up the structure of nuclear family، in the satisfaction and feeling of well-being in relation to quality of life indicators did not much difference in the form environmental and facilities quality of the rural of live location، physical quality of housing (internal and external) and emotional well-being in own family and mostly had satisfaction from the quality of your life، listed based on the indicators. But young couples the two families had significantly different in connection with the two indicators of autonomy and freedom of action، mental and emotional well-being and did not satisfaction of these indicators. Quality of life is means having the good life and a sense of satisfaction from it. It simply quality of life is reflects the living conditions and welfare of individuals. According to experts say، the quality of life can be analyzed in different units and levels of individual، family، community، governments and global level. On this basis، in this study، satisfaction newly married young couples was measured and compared from quality of life indicators in the form of five indicators (objective and subjective) in the two type of family same nuclear family (small) and extended (paternal) in the rural areas of Poshtab district of Zabol. Due to this particular type of family is the first and most influential environment in individual''s welfare، comfort، healthy and performance، hence، during this study found that، the family structure has caused the quality of life of young couples in indicators of autonomy and freedom of action، below psychological well-being is And two types of families have been differ in satisfaction of these indicators. Certainly، the extended family (paternal) on freedoms and authority to young couples in the personal do work، is effective and decisive، due to compliance of parents and mental and emotional relaxation because of being busy and large number of family members. Also in contrast، nuclear family structure، because of small and low number، to provided suitable environment the point of autonomy and freedom to act (typically in the kind of dressed and going on party and…)، mental and emotional comfort (rest and sleep during the day and night).

One of spatial consequences of improvements in transportation and communication technology is the farmers’ urbanism that causes villages’ conversion to a place for agriculture and formation the group of seasonal or absentee farmers. This condition arises from two major factors: first necessary services’ shortage in most of country’s (Iran) villages، and second scarcity of job opportunities in middle and small towns. Permanent and seasonal farmers’ interaction with environmental resources and rural community isn’t uniform. This can lead to various social impacts that understanding them is necessary for rural planning. South Mirbag sub district in the Delfan county، Lorestan province (Iran)، beside considerable emigration، experience farmers urbanism in recent years. As groups of seasonal and resident farmers emergence is visible in most of its villages. Hence research’s main question is that whats impacts have the existence of distinct group of seasonal or absentee farmers on the social affairs of the mentioned villages? This research is a descriptive- analytical and from the viewpoint of objective is an applied one. Data gathering conducted via documentary and field work. On the basis of theoretical principles and local interviews 18 statements in the framework of 5 components identified and investigated. Five villages selected from mentioned sub district in judicative manner. Population size consists of 220 rural householders. According to Cochran’s formula a 139 sample size calculated that 80 person of it are resident farmers and another 59 ones are part-time and seasonal farmers that reside in towns of the region. Two questionnaire were employed that its validity approved by expert panel and Reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha (α > 0. 721 for two questionnaire). Besides descriptive statistics we utilized independent T-test، Mann-Whitney Test and Spearman correlation for analyzing data. Also for final judgment about research components Nunnally’s assessment scale were employed. There is remarkable difference between two groups from the viewpoint of occupational structure. So that the main job of 76 percent of citizen respondents is farming. Vis a Vis main work of 85 percent of rural respondents is farming، animal husbandry and gardening. Also 55 percent of rural residents had no second works; in contrast with city residents that 60 percent of them was unskilled workers for second job. Despite of groups’ differences in admitting each other for marriage and village’s council membership، according to obtained ordinal mean in compare with Nunnally Scale، social acceptance condition is relatively favorable (NS= 3- 3. 99). Resident farmers’ acculturation from citizen counterparts is high (NS= 4- 5) In point of view of the resident farmers and relatively high (NS= 3- 3. 99) for seasonal urbanist farmers. Also Vocational satisfaction is relatively high from the viewpoint of resident farmers (NS= 3- 3. 99) and relatively low for urbanist counterparts (NS= 3- 3. 99). Moreover both groups believed that conflict and tension’s degree concerning of agriculture، managing the village affairs، respect to values، land ownership and damaging to crops is relatively high (NS= 3- 3. 99). Furthermore Spearman coefficient shows that there is positive and significant correlation at 99 percent of confidence level، between social acceptance and acculturation. A positive and significant correlation at 95 percent of confidence level between social acceptance and Vocational satisfaction exist. Also negative and significant correlation can be seen between acculturation and years of living in the city. There is positive and significant correlation between age and Vocational satisfaction of the correspondents. In the contrary Vocational satisfaction have negative and significant correlation at 99 percent of confidence level with place of residence. Discussion and Thanks to improvements in transportation and communication technology and expansion of spatial، economic and socio-cultural interactions، contemporary villages are much more dynamic and evolving than the past. In such condition not only traditional concept of rural –urban dualism but also uniform look to rural groups and stratums turns pale. More than every time location selecting for life’s basic functions isn’t limited to a unique geographic place and as a result multi-spatial families formed. These families adopted diverse livelihood strategies and hence rural community lose its past uniformity and cohesion. Seasonal farmers’ presence in the villages occasionally leads to interaction and sometimes to conflict with resident counterparts. Their situation and social position is lower than permanent rural farmers. They have little influence in village’s important decision makings، despite this، in many aspects facilitates urban culture transferring to village. They have considerable interest disagreements in landownership، agriculture and village’s management affairs with permanent residents that sometimes cause to serious tensions and conflicts between them. Finally، considering mentioned conditions، more ever necessitate comprehensive understanding of the problem in order to appropriate planning for these villages.

today the great number of emigrations and the villages getting evacuated from skilled and youth is a social- economical inexpressiveness in our country. Migration to condition development countries cause falter conditions to principle one the one hand and create E economic، Social and Cultural problems to destination for cause non migration extra possibilities with measure migration. Literature Development Showing to Countries for Condition Development that Migration Village- Town have Placed Negation many on Zone Offset and Destination therefore to Duration Decades past to be Accomplished، many Efforts to set Recognition this Circumstances and Search Efforts of Direct Reduce this Difficult، that unfortunately in proof loss standpoint Guidance and Concrete not Accompaniment with Success. To Standpoint Guidance with Empathic Sustainable development one of Passes Reduce Migration of Village to Town to be Constant Quality Existence Population village inclusive Opportunity at Equation and Preservation Cultural Versatility، increase Collective Sense and citizenry، Opportunity to Quality and to Improve Quality life and type change Economic Activities that have introduced Gradation Quality life. The study involves population in 13 districts of the villages. villages we conduct involving 1،232 households in the city Hashtrood were taken as the sample size with using Cochran formula samples (293 samples were taken as the sample size). There is no accurate information about the exact number of rural migrants and refugees to household corresponding sample size of 293 rural households living in immigrant households were defined as samples. Given the number of households in each case sample set was distributed between rural and quota sample of the households in each village was discovered accidentally done. This Paper with use Implement Honorific based in SWOT Model، Points Strength inner Weakness، Opportunities and Threats out to Compound Residences Villages central Zone solook Rural District Hashtroud Township making clear with Concrete vision، and Efforts Guidance have Showed to Direct Resolving of Problems in Migration to Villages Case Study. Among the economic factors affecting the reduction of rural-urban migration in most standard form thus creating job opportunities، facilities and low-interest loans، providing infrastructure facilities and fractural، reducing the cost of living and also motivate progress and bright future، the allocation of water rights the villagers، creating safe housing، adequate Inc، and help partnership between the villagers to help those in need، providing educational and cultural facilities as well as social and environmental strategies to reduce rural-urban migration and survival of the population in rural areas and in the standard form included in the study. First، internal factors influencing migration in the region to identify the strengths and weaknesses are evaluated. External factors to identify opportunities and number of the region faces in relation to migration was examined at a later stage. Therefore، based on these studies، a strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats in the area of immigration and effective in two dimensions، rural development (economic، social and environmental) are taken into consideration. Consequence show can be to via development Interpret and also participation method to planes rural development also strengthening mentality and expansion motive grounds hopefulness to for village to strengthen to this way motive non migration to villages have strengthened. Since the beginning of the last century، economic modernization and social policies on immigration and escalating rise has been increasing over time. It scans your immigration، a series of major changes in the social and economic structure is created. the relative merits of regional capabilities and strategies for the survival of the population in rural areas. However، on the issue of immigration policy and government programs are effective Quality life. This Paper with use Implement Honorific based in SWOT Model، Points Strength inner Weakness، Opportunities and Threats out to Compound Residences Villages central Zone solook Rural District Hashtroud Township making clear with Concrete vision، and Efforts Guidance have Showed to Direct Resolving of Problems in Migration to Villages Case Study. Among the economic factors affecting the reduction of rural-urban migration in most standard form thus creating job opportunities، facilities and low-interest loans، providing infrastructure facilities and fractural، reducing the cost of living and also motivate progress and bright future، the allocation of water rights the villagers، creating safe housing، adequate Inc، and help partnership between the villagers to help those in need، providing educational and cultural facilities as well as social and environmental strategies to reduce rural-urban migration and survival of the population in rural areas and in the standard form included in the study. First، internal factors influencing migration in the region to identify the strengths and weaknesses are evaluated. External factors to identify opportunities and number of the region faces in relation to migration was examined at a later stage. Therefore، based on these studies، a strengths، weaknesses، opportunities and threats in the area of immigration and effective in two dimensions، rural development (economic، social and environmental) are taken into consideration.

Growth of population in big cities has enforced their expansion into surrounding lands، often orchards، agricultural fields and natural landscapes. The population growth has inevitably increased demand for drinkable water and has re-directed agricultural waters to counterbalance the shortages. The resultant often untreated sewage، receives other dangerous wastes in its stream to the cities surroundings، endangering life of people residing in outskirts of such big cities. Tehran، Iran as one of these big cities، hasn’t spared such adverse impact on its surrounding environment. There has also been an upward trend in demand for clean water in Tehran due to rapid growth of its population. In Tehran province، daily consumption of water reaches to approximately 703 million (M) cubic meters (m3). Tehran alone، uses 400 M litres of water daily from which 90 % ends in sewage. This study was carried out on a section of the lands in Southern part of Tehran along the Rey to Varamin road to evaluate the impact of Tehran sewage on this area. Numerous laboratory reports، performed to measure contamination of underground water، soil and agricultural products were analysed in this study. Additional information and statistical data، received from Tehran Water and Sewage Organisation and Tehran Council، were also included in this analysis. The study showed that each year over 60M m3 of raw and 50M m3 of treated sewage are produced in Tehran. Numerous canals originate locally or from far distances in the city transfer the sewage to the study area. During rainfalls، 7 canals، reaching a length of 25،424 meters، transfer 143 m3 per second sewage from North Tehran higher grounds to the area. Sixteen smaller canals، each reaching a length of 594 meters، also transfer 13. 5 m3 and 5 m3 per second sewage in rainy and dry days respectively. In addition، 42 other local canals، each estimated to have a length of 820 meters، carry 8 m3 per second sewage to this area. Firooz Abad sewage canal، with an output of 6 m3 per second، stretches from the west، north west، south and south west regions of Tehran to agricultural grounds of Rey province. This canal transfers 210M m3 of polluted domestic and industrial sewage for irrigation of 7،200 acres of agricultural lands in this area. Tehran oil refinery sewage is also poured into the Firooz Abad sewage canal increasing its pollution. It is estimated that almost near to 46 m3 of oil leak from Tehran Refinery into ground. Since the decades that dams were constructed on the rivers of Jajrood and Karaj and many flumes of the area were dried as Tehran and Rey have spread on flumes basic wells، most amount of the polluted water flow to the area is being used for irrigating farmlands. It causes to many health and environmental problems. Expansion of canebrake lands and rise in underground water level are the consequence of uncontrolled release of swage in this area. The level of underground water rise to near the earth surface. The sewage، often untreated، is being used for irrigation of agricultural lands resulting in contamination of the lands، its products and those animals using the lands as grazing grounds. Only in the villages of Najmabad، Nazarabad، Eshabad، Chaltarkhan، Dehkheir and Esmailabad polluted sewage water irrigating more than 3500 hectares of farms for cultivating Corn، wheat، grain، alfalfa and vegetables. Laboratory reports from the cases of water in 34 wells show that only 20 of the cases had the level of pollution less than allowable limit. Study on the soils show that the density of lead and nickel in many parts are 2 times and the density of cadmium is more than 2. 5 times more than standard level. For the corns irrigated by sewage in the area، cumulated amount of heavy metals were 5. 1 times more than the same corns were irrigated by safe water. In ground waters around the refinery the density of oil measured to 408 mg/l، MTBE to 95 mg/l and COD to 9240 mg/l. Heavy metals remain in soils for years and planets absorb them from soils. They could be transformed to our bodies when we feed from them or from the animals have eaten this polluted grasses. In addition، cultivating of lands endangering health of farmers working on the lands or those living in the surrounding villages. Deterioration of tourist absorbing capacities، changing in cultivated products and in social structure of the population and polluting soils، animals and agricultural products are some important consequences of flowing and using swages in the region. In conclusion، countries like Iran in which drinkable water resources are scarce and population growth strains the available water resources further، a comprehensive management of waste water should be considered. It is advisable to treat and recycle sewage waters to compensate for shortages of agricultural waters diverted for human consumption.