فصلنامه طب و تزکیه
سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 91، بهار و تابستان 1393)

The goal of Continuous Medical Education (CME) is to maintain and develop health professionals، knowledge، skill and performance. In this study، we reviewed the current stance of CME activities in the world. We searched Science Direct، Blackwell، Proquest، CINAHL and PubMed databases from January 2010 till May 2014 using the key words “Continuous Medical Education” and “Continuous Professional Development”. 57 articles were found from which 23 were included in the study. In this article we reviewed and introduced the concept and current stance of CME in European countries، practice-based CME، accreditation of CME programs، related challenges and proposed suggestions in the literature. CME is an ongoing professional learning process. This comprehensive approach is a point of focus in many developed and developing countries and there are various applied models. Determining appropriate model in Iran، needs further research.

medical، dental and pharmaceutical treatments are effective in the field according to the manpower training requirements in this field. Also، provided health services in the community is of utmost importance. This study aimed to determine the relationship between achievement and satisfaction of students of final year medical، dental and pharmacy took part in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. TThis was a descriptive- corelational study which has tried to investigate the relationship between scholar satisfaction and achievement motivation among medical، dentistry and pharmacy students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The sample consisted of 346 students who were selected as stratified partial sampling. Data-gathering. Students were conducted using scholar satisfaction inventory and data were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients، analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. Results showed that %58. 5 of students were female and the rest، male. Among the demographic variables (gender، marital status، housing status، quota reasonably) - except age - achievement motivation and satisfaction with the school، there is no significant relationship (p>0/05). With increasing age، the greater degree of satisfaction and achievement motivation becomes less with increasing age. Satisfaction among medical students in dental school had significant differences (p<0/05). But the satisfaction of medical students and pharmacy and dentistry and pharmacy students’ satisfaction was not significantly different (P>0/05). Multiple co-relational coefficient between the demographic variables of age and degree of satisfaction، age and achievement motivation، the strongest predictive variable for explaining the variance in satisfaction of the school. These findings indicated that the Student satisfaction and achievement motivation among students of medicine، dentistry and pharmacy in their field. Medical، dental and pharmacy students compared to students with academic content and achievement motivation were more. Pharmacy students than medical students as well as academic and achievement motivation were more than happy to dental students and student satisfaction and motivation have reported. Since two important factors in the education are satisfaction and motivation. So، these two variables in educational planning should be in priority while academic planning.

Aim and Throughout the medical history، it has been considered that medical activities should be done and determined accurately; otherwise these activities may damage patients’ life. Indeed، the first goal of every medical organization is to prevent from putting patient safety into danger due to delivering health services. Therefore، nowadays، patient safety is taking more attention in clinical cares. Meanwhile، most of the efforts which are done in this area are kind of reaction and trying to solve problem after it happens. Trying to recognize and eliminate hazards beforehand plays an important role in safety improvement. The time that all staff understands and internalizes the importance of safety، it becomes a value and a priority inside the organization and it turns to a culture. When speaking about patient safety، aspects including structure، environment، technology and equipment، processes، individuals، leadership systems and culture help us to understand this topic. Of course، the way that people think and behave in front of safety can play an important role in attempts to create a safe environment. In fact، safety and patient safety culture have meaning while being together. Also، there are some factors involving expectations، management support and activities، organizational learning and continuous improvement، team work، open communicational channels، reporting and accountability for medical errors، staff and way of transferring information which affect patient safety culture. Despite the importance of safety and patient safety culture in medical care area، few organizations consider supporting patient safety in their organizational culture. Indeed، the existence of proper organizational culture، which supports patient safety in health care area، is a prerequisite and essence of moving towards creating a safer environment for patients and reducing medical error related costs. This study is trying to focus on the importance of patient safety in an organized safety culture framework and to describe definitions، concepts، dimensions، aspects and effective factors on safety and patient safety culture in an understandable way through reviewing and studying literatures and related scientific articles.

The research focus is on the study of clinical post graduate education achievements since 1979، and considering the importance of future studies and regional foresight in purposeful development of postgraduate medical education. The present study was a National practical Study for describing Iran significant post graduate medical education progresses، and also emphasizing on the necessity of land use planning to improve future development. Data were obtained from Medical Council of IRAN and Council on Medical Education & Specialty Training of Ministry of Health and medical education. Clinical postgraduate programs are offered in 28 specialty fields، 24 subspecialties. Our study confirms rapid rise in the number of medical institute followed by increase in the medical faculty numbers and the annual admission numbers. Also، there has been a significant rise in the number of papers published by Iranian scientists in Health-related journals in last 3 decades. According to the latest educational programs being used around the world، the curriculums were reviewed by council members and Updated. The current clinical postgraduate training is successful to improve community health care. Expansion of subspecialty and fellowship training should be goal oriented. Territorial or regional foresight is an effective step to achieve educational equity، and Equity of access to medical service.

Communication with patients has a vital role in nursing and medical profession that health care planning is depending on it. Patient relationship management is an approach with a view of organizational and strategic change process which an organization attempt to achieve patients satisfaction. This study was performed to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with hospital staff’ manners with them in Sina hospital affiliated by Tehran university of medical science in year 2010. In this analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study a sample of 100 patients were selected through simple random method that consisted of the patients being discharged from Sina hospital during a 15-day period. The patients were interviewed at discharge time. The data were gathered using a valid questionnaire which was approved by the experts in this field by 57 questions. SPSS 19 software is used for statistical analysis of data’s. To determine the association between each variable and satisfaction status Fisher test and T test analyses were carried out. patients’ satisfaction with hospital services concerning medical، nursing، paraclinical and discharge services، selection and Patients’ general satisfaction with hospital services were in general، 13. 2، 45، 20. 1، 7. 6 and 2. 8 % were quiet satisfied، satisfied، rather satisfied and quiet dissatisfied respectively. The results showed that there was a significant statistical relation between the age of the patients and the degree of their satisfaction with the nursing staff treatment (p = 0. 012) and that of service staff (p = 0. 009). In order to increase patient satisfaction with hospital services، should improve hospital services. Also، using a model based on patient relationship management، in order to increase patient satisfaction seems to be essential in hospitals

Coenzyme Q10 plays a vital role in cellular energy production and with its antioxidant activity can increase the body’s immune system. This coenzyme has the highest density in tissues with high energy turnover such as the heart، brain، liver and kidney. Reports suggest that coenzyme Q10 is effective in improves Exercise performance، Reducing Exercise- Induced Muscular Injury، Hypertension، Cardiac Failure، interact with statins، endothelial function، interactions with extracellular superoxide dismutase، Sperm motility، migraine and Parkinson’s disease. Also this coenzyme is effective in other diseases such as AIDS، burns، cancer، drug addiction، dyspepsia، multiple organs failure، surgery infection، chronic fatigue syndrome، autism and other known cognitive disorders. The role of coenzyme Q10 also have been proven in the treatment of periodontal disease، gastric ulceration، obesity، muscular dystrophy and allergy. Also، coenzyme Q10 supplement has good effects on patients with diabetes and deafness. According to the aforementioned benefits، coenzyme Q10 supplementation is recommended for the prevention and treatment of many other diseases that people are not able to produce enough coenzyme Q10.

The aim of this research was to examine the role of e-learning in fostering critical thinking among medical students and to define the characteristics that e-learning environments need to have in order to optimally foster critical thinking among students. In doing so، theoretical foundations and previous researches conducted in this field were analyzed. The findings of the previous studies showed that not only fostering critical thinking through e-learning is possible، but also، in some cases، e-learning ability is more influential in fostering critical thinking than traditional learning environments. Moreover، e learning based educational spaces should have special characteristics to optimally foster critical thinking among students، including extensive interactions، content production by learners، online discussions، Socratic questioning، and continuous assessment of learners.

Decision making based on best available research evidence for increasing efficiency and effectiveness of policies is one of the most important concerns of policy makers all over the world and policy-making in health systems is not exceptional. This approach، which is known as Evidenceinformed policymaking (STP)، has been paid more attention in recent years. The objective of this study is to contribute to a wider understanding of evidence informed policymaking in health care (STP) and explain how it can be conducted and promoted. In this review article، different articles، reports and relative books were used in order to gather information. They were identified through searching electronic databases using proper key words and reference scanning of key papers. The data were synthesized using a narrative approach. systematic process that is explained in this study can be used to support evidence-informed policymaking. It highlights the importance and needs for identifying، assessing، synthesis and use of valid and reliable research evidence and provide suggestions regarding with these issues. An evidence-informed policymaking approach can enable policymakers، policy takers and policy analysts to better link with researchers and use relevant and best available evidence timely and effectively. It can facilitate well-informed decision-making process and may result in more effective and efficient policies in health systems.