Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Aug 2014

Considering the high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and its association with urinary tract infection in women and treatment of gynecologic problems occur when a high recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is often treated with antibiotics.. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on pathogenic bacteria isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.. Ninety-six samples were obtained from vaginal discharge of women with bacterial vaginosis by a gynecologist with a Dacron swab and put in sterile tubes containing TSB broth and Thioglycollate broth. Then were immediately sent to the laboratory in cold chain for further assessment. Afterward, culture was transferred on blood agar, EMB, Palcam and differential diagnosis environments. Then cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C. Lactobacillus reuteri strains were cultured in MRS environment and transferred to laboratory. After purification of pathogenic bacteria, Lactobacillus reuteri inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiogram. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software v.16.. The results of this study demonstrated the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on some pathogenic bacteria that cause bacterial, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli. Microscopic examination of stained smears of most Lactobacillus and pathogenic bacteria showed reduced. The prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharge, history of drug use, contraceptive methods and douching were 61%, 55%, 42% and 13%, respectively. Significant difference was observed between the use and non-use of IUD in women with bacterial.. Our findings indicated the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on pathogenic bacteria that cause bacterial vaginosis. The results of this study confirmed the inhibitory effect of probiotics on pathogens growth that cause bacterial vaginosis, which can be considered in the prevention and treatment of bacterial vaginosis in further investigations..

Influenza type A (H1N1) causes an epidemic disease, resulting in thousands of deaths throughout the world.. Our aim was comparing the efficacy of two different methods in isolating the Influenza (H1N1) virus including cell culture and real-Time PCR in Tabriz and suburbs..Patients and Of throat swab samples, 220 were collected in viral transport medium (VTM) from patients with a suspected influenza virus infection referred to hospitals and clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. All the samples were examined through virus culturing in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK line) and also real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 16.. RT-PCR detected 41 cases of influenza A (H1N1), compared with the virus isolation methods that detected 18 cases.. RT-PCR provided a sensitive and specific route compared with virus isolation. In addition, urgent planning for the vaccination program of influenza A is suggested, which can definitely prevent the spread of virus in this part of Iran..

Although effective strategies have been presented for preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance in Iran, recent reports have revealed increasing antibiotic resistance among children and adults.. In the present study, we tried to provide a clear view of the antibiotic resistance status of aerobic organism as the most prevalent organism in patients with rhinosinusitis in Hamadan, Iran..Patients and A cross-sectional study was conducted on 216 consecutive patients referred to otolaryngology clinics of Imam Khomeini and Besat University hospitals in Hamadan with clinical and radiological manifestations of chronic rhinosinusitis. Two specimens were taken from each patient; one from the affected maxillary sinus by aspiration and another from the middle meatus and nasopharynx by swabbing. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by Kirby Bauer’s method; distributions of the isolates from middle meatus, nasopharynx and sinus were determined and the results of susceptibility test were analyzed.. Among the aerobic organism from meatus and oropharynx, the most frequent isolated strains were alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (15.4%), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (14.6%), and Branhamella catarrhalis (13.2%), and the most prevalent isolated strains from sinus were S. aureus (19.1%), Klebsiella pneumonia (16.4%), and B. catarrhalis (15.6%), respectively. The highest antibiotic susceptibility was detected to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in most of the strains; susceptibility to ciprofloxacin ranged from 76.7% (for Pseudomonas aeruginosa) to 100% (for Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenza); susceptibility to ceftriaxone ranged from 71.4% (for Acinetobacter baumannii) to 100% (for S. pneumonia, Corynebacterium diphtheria, and H. influenza). Besides, regardless of strain, the highest resistance was mostly detected to penicillin (ranging from 33.3% to 91.7%), and to ampicillin (ranging from 38.4% to 83.7%).. Our study showed that resistance to some antimicrobial agents including penicillin subgroups was considerably high for managing sinusitis. Therefore, public health policies should be more focused on minimizing the misuse of these subgroups as well as limiting the inappropriate use of other agents with high susceptibility..

A broad variety of fungi, especially Candida species, are becoming increasingly common causes of urinary tract infections in hospital settings.. The current cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to determine the causative agents, risk factors and incidence rate of candiduria in critically ill patients, hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) of four Iranian hospitals..Patients and A total of 155 children and adult patients, admitted to ICUs of the four university educational hospitals, who demonstrated Candida-positive urine cultures, were examined. Samples were processed via mycological procedures by direct microscopy and culture.. Candiduria was confirmed in 50 (32.26 %) patients and Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species representing 60.0% of isolates, followed by 14.0% C. glabrata, 12.0% C. parapsilosis, 10.0% C. krusei, and 4.0% C. tropicalis. Most patients were female (58%) with a mean age of 46.7 years old. Generally, 39.7% and 62% of adults and children showed candiduria, respectively. The commonest predisposing factors were antibiotic therapy (98.0%), urinary catheterization (92.0%), corticotherapy (84.0%), being female (42.6 %), use of feeding tube (56%), and extended hospitalization, respectively.. The high frequency of candiduria in ICU patients can be decreased by shortening the duration of urinary catheterization, avoiding extra antibiotics and corticosteroids, as well as controlling the predisposing factors and underlying conditions..

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one the most important pathogens across the world, associated with increased mortality rate compared to other Staphylococcal species.. The present study aimed to investigate different virulence determinants among MRSA isolates from Ilam, Iran.. Overall, 100 MRSA isolates were collected from selected hospitals of Ilam, Iran. Oxacillin screening test and molecular detection of mecA were carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the methicillin resistance. Presence of the virulence genes et A, B, tst, sea a, b, c, d and e were assessed using multiplex PCR.. All the tested isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, but resistant to penicillin (100%), erythromycin (31%), clindamycin (27%), ciprofloxacin (27%), gentamicin (21%), and amikacin (16%). The frequencies of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were as follows: tst 46%, eta 1%, etb 3%, sea 41%, seb 2%, sec 14%, and see 31%.. Results of the present study showed that the tst and sea genes had high frequencies among the MRSA isolates. The increased prevalence of MRSA isolates containing different virulence genes, probably accompanied by antimicrobial resistance, can complicate the therapy of MRSA isolates..

Intestinal parasitic infections, particularly in the rural areas, are one of the most important indices of the hygiene status and sanitation level of the society.. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasitic infections among rural inhabitant of Hamadan City, Iran, 2012..Patients and A total of 228 fecal samples were collected from 50 families in seven villages that were directly and indirectly involved in raising livestock and other domestic animals in spring of 2012. The demographic data were collected by interview and included age, sex, educational level, place of keeping animals, direct or indirect contact with animals, and occupation. Fecal samples were concentrated using formol-ether sedimentation technique and examined by iodine-stained wet mount method. Indistinguishable samples were assessed by trichrome staining method.. Among 228 samples, 80 (35.1%) were diagnosed with parasitic infection, which separately included 43 cases of Entamoeba coli (18.9%), 32 Blastocystis hominis (14%), 16 Endolimax nana (7%), nine Iodamoeba butschlii (3.9%), five Giardia lamblia (2.2%), two Taenia species (0.9%), two Hymenolepis nana (0.9%), one Chilomastix mesnili (0.4%), one Trichuris trichiura (0.4%), and one Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (0.4%). No significant difference in infection rate was observed with regard to indirect or direct contact with livestock. Coinfection of E. coli and B. hominis, E. coli and I. butschlii, and E. nana and G. lamblia were statistically significant. Interestingly, no Ascaris lumbricoides ovum was seen in this population.. According to the results of the present study, the prevalence of some infections with intestinal parasites is high in the Hamadan City. Considering that most of the parasites are nonpathogenic, pathogenic ones have been reduced generally in comparison to the previous reports. Nevertheless, the existence of Taenia species and H. nana could not be ignored..

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common pathogens associated with needle stick and sharp injuries (NSSIs) among healthcare workers.. The aim of this study was to evaluate HBV vaccination coverage and NSSIs among healthcare workers in Hamadan.. This cross-sectional study was performed on teaching hospitals personnel in 2010. A two-part questionnaire was designed for data collection. All participants completed the first part, which concerned demographic data, history of HBV vaccination, and hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) testing. If a history of NSSI during the preceding year was noted, the second part was completed that consisted of data about characteristics of injury including time, place, and method as well as the measures taken after the injuries.. Out of 700 healthcare workers, 585 had a complete course of HBV vaccination and only 45.7% had checked the titer of HBsAb. A total of 294 participants (42%) had positive results for HBsAb titer. The rate of accidental NSSI was 24.1% during the preceding year and 48.5% of NSSIs were during blood sampling or intravenous catheter insertion.. Hepatitis B vaccination of all nonimmune healthcare workers and measuring HBsAb after vaccination can reduce the risk of nosocomial transmission of HBV to medical staff. Furthermore, the risk of blood-borne disease transmission can be reduced by educating medical personnel on effective methods of reducing the risk of NSSIs as well as taking appropriate measures when NSSIs occur..