International Journal of Pediatrics
Volume:3 Issue: 21, Sep 2015

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a non-uremic defects of urinary acidification. It is characterized by a normal anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis; plasma potassium may be normal, low or high-depending on the type of RTA. These syndromes differ from uremic acidosis which is associated with a high anion gap, decreased glomerular filtration with enhanced proton secretion by the remaining nephrons. Case Report: We presented a 2 year-old male child with features of acute kidney injury with growth retardation. On evaluation the child was diagnosed to have distal renal tubular acidosis with grade 4 vesicoureteral reflux with right sided single kidney. The child had congenital malformation of renal system which was not evaluated previously and remains untreated for long duration which leads to growth retardation and presented in a serious condition in our case.

Indian childhood cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease usually seen in paediatric age group and is unique to the Indian subcontinent. The definitive causative factor for the disease is not found till now but excess copper ingestion has been associated with it. An Indian origin one and half year old premorbidly normal male child presented with history of gradual distension of abdomen for 6 months and jaundice, generalized body swelling, high colour urine for 20 days. There was no history of any bleeding or feature suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy. On physical examination child was icteric, pale and had anasarca, massive hepatosplenomegaly and ascites. The child was evaluated for various causes of hepatic failure in pediatric age group including infective, metabolic and autoimmune etiologies. Unfortunately the child succumbed to the illness. The post-mortem liver biopsy and copper estimation cleared the air, revealing Indian childhood cirrhosis as the underlying etiology. Though Indian childhood cirrhosis is a rare entity and reported less frequently in literature, the treating pediatrician should keep this as a differential in case of pediatric hepatic failure. The liver biopsy and hepatic copper estimation are the gold standard diagnostic tests for diagnosing Indian Childhood cirrhosis.

Leisure time is one of the critical issues in the dynamics of the process youth education and training and addressing to it is a solution for bottlenecks and is the key to solve its problems and finally can be consider as a strategy to planning for a desirable and worthy leisure time. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity in Leisure Time and Juvenile Delinquency in Detained Boys in Yazd city (Center of Iran). In this descriptive correlation study, 254 boys in Yazd prison, were selected randomly according to the Morgan formula for determine the sample size. Demographic characteristics questionnaires, including Bahrami leisure time questionnaire and Bahrami delinquency rate questionnaire (2013) questionnaires were distributed among them. Finally to ensure the normal distribution of data the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was done and for data analysis Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, one sample t-test and ANOVA test were used. A total of 254 boys, in Yazd prison, participated in this study. Our results demonstrated that there was a significant inverse relationship between training and exercise sessions and delinquency rate in imprisoned boys (P≤0.05). Also there was a significant inverse relationship between delinquency rate and the amount of interest to physical activity in imprisoned boys (P≤0.05). Between the satisfaction of spending leisure time with delinquency rate, there was a significant inverse relationship too (P≤0.05). This study showed that there was a significant inverse relationship between physical activity and delinquency rate in imprisoned boys; it is suggested to be provided for Juvenile physical activity as the reduced rate of delinquency.

In Iran little attention has been paid to the important role of husband’s support in promoting maternal health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived social support from family in pregnant women and pregnancy-related factors. The study included 358 postpartum women in the second half of the year 2014 in Fatemiyeh Hospital in Shahroud, North East of Iran. The data collection instruments included Perceived Social Support - Family Scale (PSSFa). Eleven (1.3%) women had poor family support, 100 women (27.9%) had moderate family support and 247 women (69%) had good family support. There were no significant relationships between perceived support from family with mother’s BMI, family economic status and occupation of the mother, smoking and substance abuse by the mother, and husband’s education. But a significant relationship was found between mother’s score of family support and her age and education, so that mothers with high school diploma and higher education had scores which were significantly higher than the others. Also, women whose husbands were smoking or abused drug had lower support scores. The support had significant relationship with the number of pregnancies and pregnancy complications so that the more pregnancies a mother had, the lower the support was. Mothers with pregnancy complications also had lower support scores. Social support in unwanted pregnancies was significantly lower than wanted pregnancies.. Family and social support is associated with pregnancy side effects and outcomes and in high-risk and unwanted pregnancies, it was lower.

Clinical policies of “10 steps of breast feeding” proposed by World Health Organization (WHO) can promote breast feeding. The goal of this study was to evaluate breast feeding in the first hour after birth and its relation to the influencing factors. In this cross-sectional study, the data is related to mothers and infants referring to two baby friendly hospitals of Shiraz. The data were selected through convenience sampling method by interview, questionnaires and reviewing of medical records. In this study 257 mothers and infants were studied. 94% of mothers were breast feeding and 5.8% of them were not able to breast feed. 63.8% of the infants had started breastfeeding an hour post delivery. 79% of the infants had been given to their mothers post delivery. 68.9% mothers given birth in public hospitals versus 52.2% of mothers given birth in private hospitals,75.5 % of mothers having gestational age greater than 37 weeks versus 38.9% of mothers having gestational age less than 37 weeks, 60.1% of infants weighing more than 2500 grams versus 43.5% of infants weighing less than 2500 grams. 88% of mothers with vaginal delivery versus 40.2% of mothers with cesarean section all had started breast feeding in the first hour after birth. Initiation of breastfeeding in the first hour after birth was higher in mothers having diploma, gestational age greater than 37 weeks, previous history of breastfeeding, vaginal delivery, infant weighing more than 2500 gram, lack of infant disease, lack of hospitalization in NICU, rooming in, lack of prelactal feeding and delivery in public hospitals.

JIA is an autoimmune, non-infective, inflammatory joint disease of more than 6 weeks duration in children less than 16 years of age. The disease commonly occurs in children from the ages of 7 to 12, but it may occur in adolescents as old as 15 years of age, as well as in infants. Aims and To assess health and functional status of children suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis for a period of one year using Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire and Disease Activity Score. In the present children less than 12 years of age with juvenile idiopathic arthritis attending the Rheumatology OP and general ward of the institute of Child Health were selected. All diagnosed cases of juvenile idiopathic arthritis based on International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria were enrolled in the study. Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with other chronic illness excluded. Thus total 54 cases were enrolled in the study. Detail history and findings of clinical examinations were recorded on a prestructured proforma. They were investigated and assessed for functional status based on Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire and Disease Activity Score. They were followed up for one year and re-assessed for their functional status was done after one year also. The mean age of the study children was 7.83yrs. The proportion of male children was 51.9% and that of female was 48%. It was seen that systemic onset type of arthritis (55.6%) was the most common type. joint pain was the presenting complaint among all the children. Fever was present in 85.2% children. Almost every joint was involved in study population. Knee (88.9%) was the commonest joint involved. 74.6% had wrist involvement. Ankle involvement was found in 70.4% cases. Functional status using health assessment questionnaire in their initial visit and were graded accordingly. The mean score was 1.03. After a period of 1 yr none had severe disability while the mean score was 0.89. Disease activity index was 2.85. After a period of 1 yr it was found to be 2.76. Thus we observed that the mean age of the study children with JIA was 7.83yrs with joint pain and fever as most common presentation. Although all joint were involved, knee joint was the commonest. The childhood health assessment questionnaire for the assessment of the functional status and Disease activity index were simple tools, with good ability to predict disease outcome.

The aim of this paper is to assess the knowledge regarding HIV and AIDS among the students in Chennai- India. A cross-sectional design was used in this study. A self-administered questionnaire with 28 items was distributed among 1440 adolescents (720 boys; 720 girls) studying in schools and colleges in Chennai. Data were coded and analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics and confidence coefficient 95% by SPSS-16. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results showed that amajority of the adolescents (83%) knew that AIDS was a deadly disease and awareness regarding general aspects of AIDS was 64%. Compared to boys, girls exhibited a better knowledge on 22 of 28 items (P < 0.01 for all). Compared to early adolescents, late adolescents did better on 20 of 28 item (P < 0.01 for all). However, the proportion of correct responses did not exceed 70% for any item in both the groups. Our study indicates the presence of substantial lacunae in knowledge regarding AIDS in the population studied. It is therefore suggested that education regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases not only be incorporated in school and college curricula but should also be taught in detail.

Infantile colic is a common disorder in the three first months of childhood. There is no clear management in treating this disease which may lead to psychosocial consequences in parents. Due to the importance of infantile colic in Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) in this study was conducted. In this review article, we searched the words for colic infantile like «Maghs e Atfal» in the clinical textbooks of TIM and electronic databases were searched for «Infantile Colic», «Herbal Medicine», «Traditional Medicine» and «Complementary Medicine» keywords to obtain any relevant study. In TIM, infantile colic is called «Maghs e Atfal». TIM scholars believed that it can be caused by bloating in stomach, eating a lot of food or milk and subsequently mal-digestion. The treatment is based on the probable etiology. In bloating in stomach, the first step is to modify breast milk by the mother’s eating anti-flatulence drugs and avoiding any flatulent food. Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi are recommended to be consumed with milk by the child. According to the benign nature of the colic, complementary medicine can be a priority in treatment. In this viewpoint, the mother''s diet modification, and consequently of her milk, are very important. Avoiding any flatulent food and consumption of anti-flatulence plants are based on its treatment.

Camel milk is the closest to human mother’s milk. In the references on Iranian traditional medicine, camel’s milk has been represented as the one having numerous nutritious and medical properties. In this article, the nutritive and therapeutic effects of camel’s milk have been examined from the view point of Iranian traditional medicine. The present study is a qualitative one, which was carried out, based on certain criteria, through purposeful search of certain keywords in the written references of Iranian traditional medicine. Numerous pharmacological functions and therapeutic effects of camel’s milk on patients suffering from liver, kidney, bladder, spleen, stomach and intestines, uterus, skin, lungs, and brain diseases have been mentioned. Camel’s milk seems to be an appropriate alternative/supplement to nourish infants and children. Animal resources, such as camel’s milk and its various products, have comprehensively been dealt with regarding their nutritive and therapeutic effects. Its compatibility with and similarity to mother’s milk have led to its application in pediatrics; thus, offering valid information to pediatricians on camel’s milk can further enhance the consumption of this natural product.

Adequate nutrition is essential in early childhood to ensure healthy growth, proper organ formation and function, a strong immune system, and neurological and cognitive development. Child malnutrition – as measured by poor child growth – is an important indicator for monitoring population nutritional status and health. In 2013, about 17%, or 98 million children under five years of age in developing countries were underweight (low weight-for-age according to the WHO child growth standards). Underweight prevalence is highest in the United Nation (UN) region of Southern Asia (30%), followed by Western Africa (21%), Oceania and Eastern Africa (both 19%) and South-Eastern Asia and Middle Africa (both 16%), and Southern Africa 12%. Prevalence below 10% for 2013 is estimated for the UN regions of Eastern, Central and Western Asia, Northern Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Childhood malnutrition, including fetal growth restriction, suboptimum breastfeeding, stunting, wasting and Vitamin A and zinc deficiencies, is an underlying cause of death in an estimated 45% of all deaths among children under five years of age.