نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 51، امرداد و شهریور 1394)

Disinfection is a process which pathogenic microorganisms on non-living surfaces are destroyed, so choose of appropriate disinfectant and standard disinfection methods can be effective in reducing nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of common disinfectants on microorganisms isolated from different parts of Shahid Sadughi accidents burns hospital in Yazd in 2011. In this cross sectional descriptive-analytic study the sampling method has done randomly. In this study 240 samples were collected from 30 different parts of surfaces of 4 different parts of hospital. 30 samples before and 30 samples after disinfection were taken for each disinfectant. The samples were cultured on blood agar and EMB culture media in the Microbiology laboratory of Medical Sciences University. Disinfectants of Deconex 50 AF, Descoscid, Epimax SC and Silvosep have investigated. Data were analyzed using T-test. The average of bacteria isolated from 4 parts of the burn unit of the hospital, before disinfection by Deconex 50 AF, Descoscid, Epimax SC and Silvosep were 33737.49, 25784,18, 35085.65, 30504.77, respectively and after disinfection were, 14.3, 18569.42, 2.15 and 5.63, respectively that all of these disinfectants, have shown a significant difference (p<0.05) in decreasing of microorganisms. More commonly isolated microorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermice, Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli and yeast. The results showed that these disinfectants were effective against isolated microorganisms and also the number average of bacteria have shown a significant difference before and after disinfection and the most effective disinfectants was Epimax SC.

The members of local Organizations in rural regions of Iran can have an effective role in the improvement of health programs due to their resources and logistical influence. Favorable collaboration of them needs sufficienet familiarity and information about the objectives and principles of health programs. This study was Performed to asses the level of familiarity in members of local organizations about the Family Physician (FP) Program and Rural Insurance in Northen Provinces of Iran. This Cross-Sectional Study was Performed in the Second half of the year 2012. % 25 of health Centers doing FP Program in three Provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran, Gillan (totally 139 Centers out of 552 units). In each selected center, available members of dispute resolation council, village coucil, health council, village magor, school manager and native teacher were enrolled in the research. A researcher- made questinnaire which its validity and reliability were Confirmed was used for data gathering. Data analysis was Performed by SPSS17 with Significant level of P<0.05. 521 (84.7%) individuals (out of 601 members of local organizations) were male. The age range was 19-81 years. Mean and standard deviation of participants age was 45±9.7 years. 47.1% of persons had academic education level. Out of total score 27, mean and SD of the familiarity in village magor was 12.4±4, in health council’s members 11.6±3.7, in village council’s members 11.4±4.1, in school managers 10.6±3.3. in dispute resolation council’s members 10.5±5.1 and in native teachers was 8.8±4.9. There were significant relationships between the level of familiarity and being participated in trustees council of the health center, sex and the work type of local organization (p<0.05). There were no signification relationships between the level of familiarity, education, the prevince of living and the marriage status (p>0.05). This Study Showed that the level of familiarity of members of local organizations in rural regions of Iran is not sufficient and interventional Programs must be Planned and Performed for improvement.

Eating disorders play an important role in physical and mental health of the active elderlies. The energy needed by the body in older men due to changes in body composition, decreased basal metabolism on the one hand and on the other hand reduced physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social-physical anxiety and eating disorders of elderly men with sport activities. The subjects of this study were all elderlies of Babol with at least two years of experience of exercise who exercised at the local parks of the city. 100 people were randomly selected as the sample of the study. They completed Garner and Garfyngl Eating Disorders Inventory (reliability 0/85 Validity 0/86) and measures of social-physical anxiety McKenziy (reliability 0/85 or validity 0/81). In order to analyze the data, descriptive data including mean, standard deviation and regression analysis were used. Results showed a significant and positive relationship between eating disorders and social-physical anxiety (p=0/001). Symptoms of anorexia nervosa and anorexia are strongest variables in the prediction of social anxiety symptoms limbs (p=0/001). Compared with bulimia nervosa, component of anorexia nervosa had a greater role in eating disorders in elderlies. This research suggests that by regularly adjusting their eating habits and physical activity in elderlies, their attitudes toward participation in the community can positively change. So that, by adequate and regular exercise, they could have a positive view of their body. Keywords:

Hospital wastewater including nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous especially, that with discharge in environment result in problems in water ecosystem, animals and human health. Therefore, the aim of this study is determination of Nitrogen and phosphorous simultaneous removal from hospital wastewater by intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS). In this descriptive – sectional study, at the first was designed a Plexiglas column. Then, after microorganism's adaption period and start of loading principle stages, 180 samples collected from wastewater of mixing without aeration stage, influent and effluent from system. TN, TKN, NH4-N, organic-N, NO2-, NO3-, TP parameters were measurement according to standard methods. Finally, data analyzed by Design Expert software. According to experiments, removal efficiency of TP, organic-N, NH4-N, TKN and TN was obtained %26-%90, %16-%95.3, %27-%94.6, %30-%95 and %17.5- %90, respectively. Effluent nitrite and nitrate concentration were 0.36-3.16 mg/l and 1.24-6.3 mg/l, respectively. Maximum of removal efficiency noted parameters achieved in maximum HRT (6hr) and MLSS (6000 mg/l). ICEAS system isn’t special process for nitrogen and phosphorous removal but in suitable condition of operation can remove above parameters with high efficiency. This system can be used in real scale.

One of the problems that developing countries encountered with them is supplying the food for Growing population.These days consumption of fast foods is common due to the changing social and economical conditions and new eating habits. Olivier salad is one of the usual cold fast foods in our country that is nutritious, so it is high risk for bacterial contamination especially of salmonella and staphylococcus aureus. For this reason, in this study, the microbial quality of Olivier salad evaluated the presence of salmonella and staphylococcus aureus bacteria. 200 samples of Olivier salad were prepared from the different markets and the temperature of markets were measured. Immediately after the transfering of samples to the laboratory, salmonella(Iran national standards to No. 1810) and staphylococcus(Iran national standards to No. 6806-1) were determined. There was no Salmonella in samples. 40 samples were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus and 160 samples were not contaminated. 30% of samples contaminated with S. aureus at 4 to 6 ° C and 70% at 6 to 8 ° C were kept. The results showed that there is a statistically significant relation between the samples storage temperature and the level of contaminations (P<0.05 and P= 0.0001). Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus have particular importance in food contaminations.Lack of hygiene during production, contamination of raw materials and elevation of storage temperature are important factors for the increased contamination. So control and monitoring of food centers by the health units is obvious.

Innovative processes for treatment of industrial effluents containing dyes and heavy metals are often used to reduce the toxicity of these compounds in order to reach the refining standards. Recently, a special focus on innovative processes took place for physical and chemical removal by new absorbent, biomass absorption, membrane filtration, radiation, and electrochemical coagulation. In this study, the recent developments and application of different treatment methods was analyzed for dyes removal from industrial wastewater. This study extracted from 45 articles of different sites between 1997 until 2014, which it was evaluated the advantages and limits of adsorption process. The main operating conditions affecting on the absorption process such as pH, temperature, concentration of pollutants and dose of contaminants were evaluated for dyes treatment. This review study indicated that the pH factor was frequently studied and its impact has been widely studied in treatment of contaminated wastewater with dyes. Previous studies had shown that adsorption process will be the most promising methods of treatment in the complex systems at the near future. Adsorption process for removing of organic contaminants and metals recovery systems have shown a good performance in the batch reactor. Among of conventional processes, adsorption is known as one of the most effective technology for wastewater treatment of organic and inorganic pollutants with concentrations less than 1000 mg/l. It is important to note that the cost of treatment method varies depending on the used process and the local conditions. In general, the key factors in choosing a method are usability of method, simplicity of design and cost benefits. The adsorption process provided all benefits and it is suitable for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

The family physician is a corrective program to reach vulnerable groups, the political process is the awareness and identify of the objectives of the policy making process is essential for service providers. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of implementation of the policy of family physician in Yazd province was from the opinion of service providers.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional and applied study. The population included of all family physicians and midwives in health centers in Yazd (N=105), they were selected by census. Data were gathered by the questionnaire that was used to confirm the validity and reliability was used. To analyze the data descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage and at the inferential statistic's level, one sample t test, independent t test was used.

Results showed that the family physician service providers the policymaking dimensions, the situation of effectiveness, monitoring, appropriateness and influence of higher than average and the assessment of the adequacy and efficiency were medium.

The results showed that the effectiveness of monitoring, appropriateness and effectiveness were higher than average, and dimensions of adequacy and efficiency were medium. there were significant difference in the effectiveness between the opinion of Physicians and midwives, and werent significant differences on other dimensions.

The purpose of the present study was to compare couples with traditional and non traditional marriages in Yazd city in terms of their marital adjustment, happiness, and desire to divorce. The research population consisted of all couples in Yazd city from which the research sample was drawn. This sample consisted of 240 subjects (including 130 cases of traditional and 110 cases of non-traditional marriages) who were selected through cluster random sampling. For the purposes of data collection, three sets of questionnaires including Locke-Wallas marital adjustment test, Oxford happiness questionnaire and the questionnaire developed by Zareii for desire to divorce were used.The present study followed a non-experimental vausal comparative(ex post facto) method. The obtained raw data were analyzed applying T tests. The findings showed that there were differences between the means of traditionally and non traditionally married couples in terms of happiness and marital adjustment (i.e. higher levels of happiness in non traditional marriages and higher levels of marital adjustment in traditional marriages), but these differences were not significant (P>.05). However, there were significantly higher levels of desire to divorce in non-traditionally married couples compared to their traditionally married counterparts (P<.05). Further, considering gender as the focused variable, there were not any significant differences between men and women who had traditional marriages in terms of happiness, marital adjustment and desire to divorce. In addition, men and women who had non traditional marriages were not significantly different in terms of happiness and desire to divorce (P>.05). Yet, those men and women who had nontraditional marriages were significantly different in terms of marital adjustment in the sense that men had higher levels of marital adjustment in comparison with women. These findings indicate the necessity of premarital education for families especially those with young people who are on the verge of marriage.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) includes physical, psychological and emotional symptoms that occur during last days of premenstrual cycle and subside with the start of menstruation or during the first days of bleeding, so the study aimed determining knowledge and practice of men who their waives suffer from PMS about the syndrome in Yazd city. The descriptive-analytical study carried out on 240 young couples referred to Yazd Health Care Centers who were selected randomly and entered in the study voluntarily. The tools for data collection were Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool and a researcher-designed questionnaire for measuring men's knowledge and practice about the syndrome. A pilot study approved the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 software. In analyzing the data, statistical tests such as T-Test, ANOVA and correlation coefficient were used. Mean score of men's knowledge about PMS which included their scores in awareness about the mental and physicals symptoms of PMS and strategies for reducing the symptoms was 26.51±7.40 out of 51and and their practice mean score was 23.01±5.20 out of 32.There was a significant relation between knowledge and practice (p=0.00).The less correct answerer to knowledge question was in turn to questions of suicide tendency, increased appetite and loose weight and the less reported practice was "calling to wife in premenstrual period and recalling her to have an snack". For achieving this important issuepresenting high quality education programs which may causes sustainable behavior change with an emphasize on issues such as symptoms of PMS including suicide tendency, self harm, increased appetite and strategies for loose weight and snack consumption is recommended.

A wide ranges of variables effect on the medical errors such as job involvement and organizational commitment. Coincidental relationship between two variables on medical errors during outpatients’ visits has been investigated to design a model. A field study with 114 physicians during outpatients’ visits revealed the mean of medical errors. Azimi and Allen-meyer questionnaires were used to measure Job involvement and organizational commitment. Physicians divided into four groups according to the Job involvement and organizational commitment in two dimensions (Zone1: high job involvement and high organizational commitment, Zone2: high job involvement and low organizational commitment, Zone3: low job involvement and high organizational commitment, Zone 4: low job involvement and low organizational commitment). ANOVA and Scheffe test were conducted to analyse the medical errors in four Zones by SPSS22. A guideline was presented according to the relationship between errors and two other variables. The mean of organizational commitment was 79.50±12.30 and job involvement 12.72±3.66, medical errors in first group (0.32), second group (0.51), third group (0.41) and last one (0.50). ANOVA (F test=22.20, sig=0.00) and Scheffé were significant except for the second and forth group. The validity of the model was 73.60%. Applying some strategies to boost the organizational commitment and job involvement can help for diminishing the medical errors during outpatients’ visits. Thus, the investigation to comprehend the factors contributing organizational commitment and job involvement can be helpful.

Introuduction: Health insurance (HI) is an important way to support the people in receiving health. Regarding the different experiences of different countries in this area, this study aimed to compare the supportive HI systems of the selected countries. This comparative study. Research area included the HI models in some countries and Iran. The studied countries are USA, Paraguay, Britain, Sweden, France, Thailand, Australia, and Japan. These countries are selected based on Garden’s classification. The data analysis was in the aspects of policy making, planning, structure, and the basis for coverage. Findings of the study showed that the Ministries of Health had the stewardship and governance role for the HI. Planning is suggested to be in national and regional level. In most of the studied countries, there is a tendency to governmental HI. In issue of coverage equity and poor are important. This study found that it is better that the stewardship of the HI lay in the Ministry of Health, planning be done in national and regional levels but implemented in regional level, structure is better to be governmental and take poverty as the basis for coverage.

Cancers considered in Iran as the third leading cause of deaths and skin cancer is the most common that its incidence higher in Yazd province than the country. Due to the important role of teachers and schools as a place for educating students and their families this study was performed with aims to determine the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention educational program among teachers in Yazd city.

This research was as a before and after study among 80 teachers of Yazd city who were selected randomly. A Valid and reliable questionnaire was used in four sections include, demographic information, knowledge, attitude and practice who was completed by self-report in two stages, before and after education.

Participant’s age ranged was 23-51 years with a mean age of 36.87±6.22. 77.3 percent female, 22.7 male. Mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice after educational intervention increased (P<0.001). After intervention by increased rates of participant's attitudes also practice increased (r=0.0407**, p=0.001) and men had higher attitude compared to women (p=0.04).

Educational intervention was significantly effective on knowledge, attitude and healthy practice teachers in Yazd city about skin cancer.