فهرست مطالب زینب جعفرنژاد

The novel "alkaferah" is the twelfth of the Iraqi writer's series of novels. Ali Badr, Badr touched on the political conditions and the crisis social issues in Iraq at the present time, so that the addressee absorbed the suffering of the people, social problems and the events of the country. The study focused on revealing the dominant violence and barbarism and its profound impact on the Iraqi street.. This study, depending on the social method, seeks to study the “infidel” novel, where the novel focused on the outbreak of the ongoing war, terrorism, violence and insecurity, and thus on the basic issues in the life of the defeated Iraqi individual. On his issues ranging from betrayal, aggression, alienation, chaos, prejudice and gender inequality to suicide, the writer highlights the phenomenon of violence in his novel and expresses it in various ways. The novel in general highlights reality and social issues; The book is based on an in-depth examination of the personality of the individual and Iraqi society; It expresses the details of this society; Identifies its shortcomings and shortcomings; He mentions the types of violence in the novel. From the writer’s point of view, avoiding violence and altars can only be achieved if the society is cohesive, cohesive and socially harmonious, in which it criticizes in particular the surrounding social situation and social conditions, as well as the current realities of Iraqi society, the suffering of the working classes and the inferiority of society,

Émile Durkheim was the first sociologist to introduce suicide (as a social phenomenon) to sociology from the realm of individual and psychology. He studied the rate of suicide as a social harm in the context of individual's relationship with the group and concluded that social situations are the main reason for people within a community to commit self-destruction. As he also found, attempts to directly convince them to avoid this suicidal act is futile because the real motives lie in the context of the society. In his novel Al-Kafareh (the infidel woman), Ali Badr, a contemporary Iraqi writer, attempts to portray the current perturbed conditions in Iraq in the form of a story of a woman named Fatima whose father and brother were influenced by the takfiri ideology of ISIL and committed suicide. She commits suicide roo after suffering the pain of immigration and asylum to Europe. It seems that this social harm can be analyzed in the light of Durkheim’s theory. To explain the causes of social harms such as suicide in different groups of the current Iraqi society, this paper analyzes the novel Al-Kafareh and criticizes the author's analytical views based on Durkheim's sociological theories to answer the questions a) what is the relationship between the suicide of an individual and group social events in the novel Al-Kafareh? and b) In terms of adaptation, to what extent is the attempt to self-destruct by the characters of the story consistent with Durkheim's theory? Undoubtedly, the answers to these questions can significantly explain the socially harmful factors and be effective in conveying the author's awareness to the audience in the world of fiction.

The research method of this study is qualitative and descriptive using content analysis. Content analysis is done in a systematic way to objectively, qualitatively and systematically describe the content and concepts of written texts. The authors' approach in this paper is sociological criticism of the content (sociological themes) to explain and criticize the author's critical view based on Durkheim's sociological theories. To achieve this goal, the required data on Durkheim's theory and social harms were first collected by a library method with a focus on suicide. Afterward, the novel was reread and analyzed and a network of themes through content analysis as well as extraction of textual evidence. An attempt was also made to divide the analytical part of the article into four parts based on the suicide types and according to Durkheim. Thus, each example was analyzed under its subcategory by matching the text to the theory.

Durkheim divides suicide into four types according to the relationship of the self-destructive individual with the group. They include Egoistic (selfish), Altruistic (unselfish), Anomic (anomalous) and Fatalistic (coincidental). In the light of studying the relationship between the suicide of the characters in the story with social realities such as integration and regularity (social control), the research findings suggest that there is no coherence between individuals in a small institution such as family nor in the wider circle of group or society, which leads to egoistic or altruistic suicide of the characters in the story. The coherence between man and woman is weak and unfounded in the Iraqi society because it is a patriarchal society, such that the perceived class differences as well as the lack of equal access to economic and social capital has eased the links of individual with the group and paved the way for egoistic suicide. It can be said that those connected to the ISIS group have mechanical solidarity and that their suicide operations are classified as altruistic suicide.

The novel Al-Kafareh has several social and critical aspects, and the author depicts social themes through a dramatic familiar narrative style. Representation of such anomalies in the society can give collective activists the necessary insight and self-awareness and, accordingly, the social critic can scrutinize different aspects of the society in a literary work. All the elements of the novel are closely related to the Iraqi society and its relationships. The main theme of this novel is suffering, which includes various physical and psychological forms resulting from the rupture of human relations, the tense situation in the family and society, economic and social pressures, the disturbed conditions of women in the society, and so on. By mentioning these issues, the author seeks to show the turmoil in the Iraqi society, and, by depicting family and social relationships, he illustrates social gaps. To account for the suicide of the novel's characters according to Durkheim's theory, incoherence and insecure situations can be considered as contributing factors. The novel classifis the suicide of Sophia, her spouse, and Adrian’s father as anomic, egoistic and fatalistic, respectively.

melvin Seeman is a sociologist who has been instrumental in analyzing the problem of alienation from a social point of view and has given it particular dimensions and challenges in view of the importance of alienation a phenomenon that has long been associated with humanity and in the age of globalization, It has deeply and profoundly added itself to literature because literature is the mirror of societies, and since the novel is the embodiment of the human response to this worldview, it is the most open way to understand its problems and reality. However, this phenomenon is still Complex and requires further studies. This research, based on a social approach, seeks to elaborate on Al-Kafra's novel analysis of Seaman's theory and the most important aspects of alienation in it, especially the hero, is to say that the problem of alienation is clearly evident in the novel, and in their behavior, how they deal with the problems of decision-making Their alienation is apparent, and this is not unique to Sophia in Iraq, and even Adrian, who grew up in Lebanon and has fled to Belgium, is suffering from the problem. And Adrian's alienation is nonsense and isolationism and Sophia's alienation is powerles. This research has two theoretical and comparative axes in the theoretical axis, the nature of alienation and its types, in general and in practical terms, on the use of the social view It focuses on the sense of powerlessness, meaninglessness, meaninglessness, self-loathing of the main characters and sub-characters

Current study with the goal of reviewing The effectivness of imago training on marital intimacy between wife of addicted people in karaj Health center in (2018) was done.methodology of this study is semi experimental research in which pre-test,post-test design with control group was used. statitiscal society of this study includes 848 people and the sample size was 86 people(based on kokran formula calculations) they were put into two experimental and control groups (size of each group was 43)The assesments were used included VALTER AND TOMSON marital intimacy questionare the results were analyzed by spss software and based on single variable covariance. analysis results showed that there is a significant diffrence between the experimental group and control group in the post test in marital intimacy scores .the results of this study showed that imago training was effective to increase marital satisfaction.