فهرست مطالب محمدعلی کوشش وطن

Land surface temperature, as one of the important and fundamental parameters in climatology, indicates the relationship between the atmosphere and the Earth. Considering the environmental issues of cities, including the intensification of urban heat islands, accurately estimating LST and identifying its influencing factors play a significant role in urban thermal management and adopting adaptive strategies for heat islands. In this regard, this study compares two regression methods multiple linear regression and random forest in order to estimate the LST. Daily nighttime MODIS images were used to extract the LST of Tabriz city during the summer. These images were processed in the Google Earth Engine platform and averaged for the period from 2018 to 2022. According to the results, the random forest showed significantly better performance with a coefficient of determination of 0.924 (RMS = 0.009) compared to multiple linear regression. The random forest was also used to determine the importance of the indices. Based on the index importance results, night lights (51/06%), sky view factor (48/01%) and frontal area index (45/27%) were the most important factor affecting the nighttime summer LST in Tabriz city, respectively. The findings of this study, in addition to revealing the strength of the random forest regression in estimating LST, also highlight the importance of various indices in the LST. In this context, the study's results will be practical for managing the thermal environment of Tabriz city and adopting mitigation strategies for its heat islands.

This research aims to study the degree of realization of land uses as recommended in "Tabriz Detailed Plan 2012" and its current situation in Tabriz. Also, it intends to identify the factors affecting the functional changes of land uses at "Abrasan -Mansour", "17Shahrivar Jadid St.", "Hafez-Abu Reyhan", and "Abu Reyhan-Nesferah" corridors. This research is an applied research that has resorted to a descriptive-analytical method. Excel and ArcMap were used for data pre-processing. The compliance and non-compliance of land uses were investigated based on the data obtained from the survey and the detailed plan map. The cross-tabulation was used in TerrSet to detect changes in land use patterns in the current state compared to the detailed plan. Then, the realization between Tabriz Detailed Plan 2012 and the current state was investigated using the chi-square test in SPSS software. Also, the legislation factors influencing the functional changes of land uses were considered. The results showed that the rate of realization of the detailed plan’s recommended land uses in the studied areas is at a low level. Also, there is a high degree of discrepancy between the function and land use. In the legislation factors, paragraph 24 of Article 55 of the Law on Municipalities, Article 100, and Article 5 Commissions have played the most significant role in the functional changes of land uses, respectively.

In the process of urbanization, proper land-use planning is critically important. Because the way man uses the land causes significant effects on the temperature of the city. In this regard, this research aimed to study the land surface temperature (LST) concerning land use. The research data includes the land-use shapefile and Landsat 8 image for day time (path = 168, row = 32; July 2020). Retrieval of LST done by ArcMap software. In addition, to investigate the difference in average temperature between different land-uses Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS was used.The results showed that the average temperature of Tabriz City was 28.41 ° C ± 4.62 ° C. Furthermore, its minimum and maximum temperatures are 13.55 ° C and 39.29 ° C, respectively. Also, based on the different land-uses, Tabriz Airport has the highest average temperature with an average temperature of 33.81 ° C ± 1.81 ° C compared to other land-uses. Then, military lands, barren lands, industrial lands, river, green space, under construction lands, and constructed lands with an average temperature of 32.22 ° C ± 2.52 ° C, 30.57 ° C ± 3.51 ° C, 30.51 ° C ± 2.71 ° C, 30.07 ° C ± 2.53 ° C, 29.88 ° C ± 2.94 ° C, 25.62 ° C ± 3.22 ° C and 23.61 ° C ± 3.91 ° C, have the highest average temperature, respectively. Further, between the land-uses LST was significantly different (sig = 0.000). In the following, based on pairwise comparisons, it was observed that except for the green space and river average temperatures, there is a statistically significant difference between the average temperatures of all land uses. In the following, based on pairwise comparisons, it was observed that except for the green space and river average temperatures, there is a statistically significant difference between the average temperatures of all land uses.

Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with different street network patterns, land subdivision creates various lots in different shapes and with various advantages. In other words, at the execution stage, land subdivision affects the land price. So, some lots will have a higher value due to their advantages compared to some other lots (Evans, 2004: 75).Considering what abovementioned, this comparative study

1 – To evaluate the quality of the existing land subdivisions in the planned texture, worn-out texture, and informal settlements using the current land subdivision standards;2 – To assess the correlation between the opinions of experts, real estate agents, property owners, and non-owners on the quality of land subdivision with the current status of the land subdivision based on research indicators;3 – To evaluate the impact of human-managerial factors and the land value in the land subdivision process.

To collect data, a field study was used. To select blocks randomly as research sample, the Fishnet tool in ArcMap software was used. Totally, 353 blocks in district one and 386 blocks in district three were selected as research samples.To collect data on the status of the land subdivision in the selected blocks, a database was constructed for the study areas using the indicators of area, number of frontages, building orientation, chamfer or fillet, street width, street function, lot shape, aspect ratio, and distance to different land-uses, then the required analyses were performed.In the next step, using a researcher-made questionnaire, the three groups of experts, real estate agents and property owners, and non-owners were surveyed to align the observed advantages and disadvantages with the opinions of the three abovementioned groups. The validity of the questions was estimated using face validity. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.76, which was within the acceptable range. The statistical population included the total population of the two studied districts (n=448,121 people) and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula at 95% confidence level and with a 5% error. Also, SPSS software was used for questionnaire analysis.
 

According to the analysis carried out for the first aim, the obtained averages revealed the inappropriate residential and commercial subdivisions. In this issue, streets play a very important role, because different street network patterns significantly affect the characteristics of lots. As observed,  for residential and commercial land-uses in both districts, the average width of the streets and the adaptation level of land-uses with the street function were below the standards, which also reduced the quality of access.
According to the analysis performed for the second aim, it was found that experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision.Also, property owners and non-owners on five cases in district three and two cases in district one were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision.Real estate agents' opinions on one case in each district were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision.For the third aim, it was found that the respondents in district one and district three considered the land value and human-managerial factors as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions, respectively. In other words, it can be said that the land value and human-managerial factors, along with the lack of efficient solutions and proper surveillance of land subdivision, are considered as factors for inappropriate land subdivision in the study area.In addition, with an average of 3.5 in district one, experts and real-estate agents have assessed the land value more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the property owners and non-owners. Also, with an average of 3.7 in district three, experts and property owners and none property owners have assessed the human-managerial factors more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the real estate agents.

Findings showed that according to the land subdivision indicators used in our research, residential and commercial land-uses don’t meet the land subdivision standards. In this case, streets play the more dominant role than other factors. Measuring the alignment of experts, real estate agents, property owners and non-owners' opinions on the quality of land subdivision with its current status based on research indicators showed that with the highest frequency, experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three are significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Finally, according to the three abovementioned groups' opinions, the land value in district one and the human-managerial factors in district three were evaluated as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions.

Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank.

Land is of significant importance to human life, whose limitations and the conditions of modern urban life have increased its importance. The main purpose of the present study is the shape analysis of the residential subdivision parcels in the planned texture, worn out texture and informal settlement in terms of length to width ratio using two compactness indexes of Areal form factor and the Hussar Index. The desirability of land subdivision means the proper and optimal use of it in the first place. The research is applied and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Uni-variate Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests were used for analysis. The results of Wilcoxon test for both indices showed that all three textures were in good condition. In addition, the results based on the spatial form factor and Hussar index showed that the planned texture with informal resettlement area and informal settlement area with worn texture was statistically different in terms of desirability of the length to width ratio of parcels. Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the worn-out texture and the planned texture in terms of the length to width ratio in terms of the desirability of residential subdivision parcels. It was then found that the worn-out texture with the average rating of 17458/79 based on the spatial form factor and 17329/15 based on the Hussar index is in the best position compared to the other two textures in terms of optimal ratio of length to width of the residential subdivision parcels. Also the results of both indices have a full correlation and consistency. Therefore, the result is that the spatial form factor and the Hussar index have the same function in the Tabriz region.

The tourism industry plays an important role in the economic cycle of the countries, and predictions made by some global organizations show that the tourism industry will play a more important role in the urban economy over time, In this regard, the aim of this study is to identify factors affecting the growth and development of tourism of Tabriz city. The present research is based on the nature of applied one. Data gathering was done through a questionnaire. it was developed based on five economic indicators, infrastructure, socio-cultural, services and diversity of environment and brand., validity and reliability were calculated for different dimensions by Alpha-Cronbach's test. The statistical population of this study is one million domestic tourists who traveled to Tabriz city in 1396 ., 384 Sample were selected with a 0,05 error rate and 95% confidence intervals, Using the Cochran formula. To analyze the data of the questionnaire, the exploratory analysis based on the principal components and Kruskal-Wallis test was used in SPSS 24 software. Finally, the analytical analysis summarized the variables of research in 14 factors, which explained 62.26 of the factors that affecting the growth and development of tourism of Tabriz city. The results show that the first factor in the prosperity or lack of prosperity of tourism in Tabriz in relation to advertising or lack of advertising of touristic attractions in Tabriz, socio-cultural issues, including language and different life style in Tabriz, quality of Services and hospitality of the host community has a great effect on the tourism promotion and prosperity of Tabriz city. Also, the results of the research showed that The effect of research indicators versus the research hypothesis on tourists with different income and education groups is the same.