امین ارجمند

‎‏ ‏The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficiency of the ISSR molecular marker in ‎distinguishing the studied watermelon populations, to determine the degree of similarity and genetic ‎distance of the populations in order to use the phenomenon of heterosis and to select suitable parents in ‎watermelon hybrid seed production programs.‎

In this research, the genetic diversity of 24 different watermelon populations ‎from all over Iran was investigated using 10 ISSR primers. DNA extraction was done using the CTAB ‎method. After PCR, molecular data were scored as zero and one. Indexes related to markers include ‎total number of bands, number of polymorphic bands, polymorphic percentage, marker index (MI), ‎resolution strength index (RP) and polymorphic information content (PIC). It was measured. In order to ‎perform cluster analysis, NTSYS and Excel software were used, and GenALEx software was used to ‎analyze the molecular variance and to analyze the main coordinates.‎

In this research, a total of 202 bands were produced, of which 184 were polymorphic bands. ‎The average number of total bands and polymorphic bands in this study was 20.2 and 18.4, respectively. ‎The highest percentage of polymorphism was related to the ISSR6 primer with 100% and the lowest ‎polymorphism was related to the ISSR5 primer with 80%. The average percentage of polymorphism in ‎this study was also 0.90. The value of PIC index in this research varied between 0.26 and 0.44 and the ‎average PIC was 0.35. After cluster analysis, the studied populations were divided into five groups at a ‎similarity level of 55%. The results of molecular variance analysis and principal coordinate analysis in ‎the studied populations showed that 14% of the variation is between the studied populations and 86% ‎of the variation is within the studied populations. The results of analysis to main coordinates also ‎confirmed the results of cluster analysis‏.‏

According to the obtained results, the ISSR molecular marker has the necessary efficiency ‎to distinguish the studied populations, and on the other hand, considering the considerable genetic ‎diversity between and within the studied populations, the genotypes used in this research can be ‎considered as the population The first one was used in watermelon hybrid seed production programs ‎and also Faryab and Minab populations can be used as cross parents considering that they had the least ‎genetic similarity in order to use heterosis in watermelon hybrid seed production projects.‎‏ ‏

Althaea genus belongs to the Malvaceae family. Althaea officinalis is the most important species of this genus for medicinal use. Other species, such as A. rosea and A. ficifolia, also have medicinal uses. Different flower organs (flower, fruit, seed, root, and leaf) of Altheae species have many medicinal uses due to high mucilage, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties. This research aims to find the best ecotypes for the investigated phytochemical traits. It also aims to determine the distance and genetic similarity between the studied Altheae species ecotypes. It is intended to be used in various projects.

The research was carried out in 1401 in the research greenhouse, the agriculture and medicinal plants laboratory, and the genomics laboratory in the Aburihan Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Tehran University) located in Pakdasht city at 51 degrees east longitude and 33 degrees north latitude. It was conducted at 1013 meters above sea level and 36 kilometers southeast of Tehran. In this research, the molecular diversity and phytochemical traits of total phenol content, mucilage content, and antioxidant capacity were investigated in 9 ecotypes of three species of Altheae species. In the phytochemical evaluation, extracts were obtained from the roots by the Soxhlet method. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were evaluated using two methods a spectrophotometer and horizontal electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel.

In the phytochemical evaluation, it was found that in terms of total phenol, the Kermanshah ecotype had the highest value statistically, with 10.67 mg of gallic acid per gram of extract. Regarding the amount of mucilage, the Kermanshah and Kerman ecotypes were ranked first in the same group with 2.86 and 2.77 mg per gram of dry weight, respectively, compared to other ecotypes. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between phytochemical traits. It was determined that there was a positive and strong relationship between the traits evaluated in the experiment. Evaluation of molecular diversity was done after extracting DNA from leaves by the CTAB method using 10 SCoT primers. A total of 111 bands were formed, and 76 were polymorphic bands. PIC values varied between 0/22 and 34%. The percentage of polymorphism in this research varied between 0/5 and 0/87, and its average was 0/67. The average MI and RP indices were 1/55 and 5/48, respectively. In cluster analysis of molecular data, ecotypes were divided into three groups with 70% similarity. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis of ecotypes shows genetic similarity between ecotypes belonging to the same species. It also shows the genetic distance between ecotypes related to different species. The results of decomposition into principal coordinates also confirmed cluster analysis results. In the analysis of molecular variance, it was found that 27% of the variation was within species, and 63% was between species.

In the end, it was found that SCoT phytochemical and molecular markers have the necessary efficiency to differentiate different ecotypes of Altheae species. Due to genetic diversity, to improve this plant, the ecotypes examined in this research can be crossed as the initial population and parents.

Knowledge of genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding and various aspects such as ‎selection of cross parents, protection of germplasm and prevention of genetic erosion are important. The ‎purpose of this research is to evaluate the genetic diversity and investigate the genetic relationships in ‎the native ecotypes of marigold in Iran in order to be used in breeding projects and to protect the ‎genetic reserves of this plant. ‎‎ ‎

In this research, after extracting DNA from young leaves by CTAB method, ‎the molecular diversity of 18 ecotypes of three species of marshmallow bud was investigated using 10 ‎ISSR primers. ‎‎ ‎

The total number of bands formed by the primers studied in this research varied between 11 ‎and 23 for each primer. The number of polymorphic bands in this research for ‎the primers was at least 7 and at most 21 bands. In this research, the PIC ranged between 0.19 and 0.42 ‎and its average was 0.29. The highest PIC was related to the ISSR2 marker and the lowest PIC was ‎related to the ISSR4 marker. Cluster analysis showed that at the similarity level of 65%, the ecotypes ‎related to each species were in one group and the ecotypes related to different species were placed in ‎separate groups, so that the ecotypes of Qazvin, Taft, Yazd, Sari, Kerman and Shiraz which All of them ‎belonged to the Althaea Rosea species and were placed in one group. In the second group, the ecotypes ‎belonging to the Althaea Ficifolia species, which included Behshahr, Gorgan, Bam, Rafsanjan, ‎Hamadan and Mashhad, were placed.The results of molecular variance analysis showed that 28% of the variation is within the ‎species and 72% of the variation is Among the studied species. The results of analysis to main ‎coordinates also confirmed the results of cluster analysis. ‎‎ ‎

Conclusion:

According to the obtained results, the ISSR marker and the primers investigated in this ‎experiment have the necessary efficiency to distinguish the ecotypes and the species of khatami ‎flowers, and on the other hand, due to the genetic diversity of the ecotypes studied in this experiment, ‎it can be The title of the parents was used in the breeding projects of this plant, and in order to preserve ‎the germplasm and prevent genetic erosion, it is suggested to keep the ecotypes studied in this research ‎in plant gene bank ‎.

Marshmallow (Althaea spp.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family and is native to Asia, South Africa, and America. It is found in Iranian natural pastures throughout the country. The purpose of this research is to identify the best ecotypes of Golkhtami in terms of phytochemical traits studied in this experiment and to introduce the best ecotypes for further research and to be used as crossbreeding parents in crossbreeding projects.

In this study which was investigated in nine ecotypes and three different species, phytochemical traits including total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity, and cholinesterase inhibitory activity were evaluated in different ecotypes of marshmallow.

The results showed that the Kermanshah ecotype of Althaea officinalis had the highest amount of flavonoids (18.47 mg of quercetin per gram of extract) and cholinesterase inhibitory activity (28.37 mg/ml based on IC50), while the Bushehr ecotype of A. ficifolia had the highest amount of anthocyanins (6.45 mg) and the Yazd ecotype of A. officinalis had the highest tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity (84.25 mg/ml based on IC50). Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed a positive and significant correlation between the investigated traits. In orthogonal comparisons, the Kermanshah, Mazandaran, and Isfahan ecotypes of A. officinalis had the highest levels of flavonoids and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Cluster analysis by the WARD method showed that the ecotypes related to one species were placed in one group.

These findings suggest that the studied species and ecotypes have high diversity, which can be useful for improvement and selection of phytochemical traits in marshmallow. The investigated ecotypes can be used as the base population and initial parents of the cross in further experiments.