a. a. sadeghi

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of molasses kombucha on performance, intestinal morphology and intestinal microbial population on 320 Ross male broiler chickens in a completely randomized design in 5 treatments and 4 replicate with 16 chickens in each replicate, in the starter (1-10 days old), growth (11-24), the final (25-42) and whole period (1-42). Experimental treatments include drinking water containing: 1) tap water with no kombucha, 2) 0.015 and 0.003 kombucha, respectively, during the starter and growth period, 3) 0.015, 0.003 kombucha and 0.003 three days a week, respectively during the starter, growth and finisher period 4) 0.015 Kombucha during starter and 0.003 kombucha three days a week during growth and finisher period 5) 0.015 Kombucha during starter and growth period and 0.003 kombucha three days a week during finisher. All experimental treatments had a higher body weight gain than the control group (P < 0.05). During the starter and whole periods, except for treatment 2, addition of molasses kombucha significantly improved the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in the villus surface area of the treatments compared to the control group (P<0.05). Molasses kombucha caused a significant increase in the Lactobacillus population and decreased the total coliforms in the cecum environment (P<0.05). In conclusion, 0.015 Kombucha during starter and growth period and 0.003 kombucha three days a week during finisher can improve the performance of broiler chickens.

Many studies have been conducted to determine proper corn particle sizes for mash or pelleted diets in broiler chicken’s nutrition, aiming not only to achieve optimum production goals such as higher weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio but also to reduce milling energy expenditures. However, pelleted and crumbled feed forms are mainly used in intensive poultry production systems in many countries, and mash feed is primarily common in less intensive production systems. Mash feed is less costly and puts less pressure on birds’ metabolic systems to achieve their optimum biological growth potential, which may result in higher welfare and lower metabolic disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different proportions of fine and coarse ground corn (3- and 6-mm sieve opening hole size, respectively) on performance, the relative weight of gastrointestinal organs (%), and intestinal morphology in male broiler chickens.
A total of 576 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery and raised from 1 to 42 days of age. All birds received identical basal diets from 1 to 11 days of age, but different experimental diets from 12 to 42 d. Experimental diets (12 to 42 days of age) consisted of six corn mixtures prepared by combining different proportions (w/w) of corn ground through sieves with either hole sizes of 3 or 6 mm as 100:0; 80:20; 60:40; 40:60; 20:80 and 0:100 percentage, respectively. The particle size characteristics including geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn and finished feed samples were determined. Birds’ body weight was recorded at 12, 24, and 42 days of age as a group basis for the calculation of birds’ bodyweight gain (BWG) during the grower (12-24 d) and finisher (25-42d) periods. The birds’ feed intakes (FI) were also measured during the same period to calculate the feed conversion ratio (FCR) after adjustments were made for the body weights of dead birds, which were recorded daily. on the 21st day of the experiment, two birds from each pen were selected and killed via cervical dislocation. The liver, gizzard, small intestine, caecum, and pancreas of the sampled birds were carefully removed from their abdominal cavity, their weights were recorded carefully, and the relative weights of these parts to the live body weights were calculated and expressed as the percentage of birds live weights. Gizzard acidity was measured on the 21st day of the experiment. Parts from the middle of the jejunum and ileum of slaughtered birds (21 d) were excised and flushed gently with saline solution and immediately placed in a 10% formalin solution. Villus height, villus width, and crypt depth were measured in the laboratory.
Results showed that feeding mash diets with different particle sizes (~775, 835, 910, 1000, 1060, and 1150 µm) had no significant effects on birds’ BWG, FI, and FCR during different growth periods. However, the orthogonal polynomial contrast test showed that the changing of feed particle size from fine (~775 µm) to coarser particles by combining different portions of corn ground with a sieve hole size of 3 mm (~775 µm) and 6 mm (~1150 µm) had linearly deteriorated BWG and FCR from 12 to 24 days of age. The birds’ mortality rate (%) was not influenced by average feed particle size from 12 to 42 days of age. The negative influence of very coarse particle size from 12 to 24 days of age (>1000 µm) in the current experiment is an indicator of birds’ gastrointestinal limits in dealing with coarse particles. The coarse grain particles increase the energy required for the growth and maintenance of the gizzard. The results of the current experiment showed that feed particle size did not significantly affect the relative weights of gastrointestinal sections to body weight at 21 d (P>0.05). However, the relative weight of gizzard to live body weight at 21 d significantly (P<0.001) increased in birds fed diets with higher average particle size (≥775 µm). The results of the orthogonal polynomial contrast test showed that the relative weight of gizzard to live body weight at 21 days of age linearly (P<0.0001) increased by changing the feed particle size from fine to coarser particles. Coarse particles increased the digesta content in the gizzard, which stimulates the development of the gizzard. In addition, the findings of the current experiment indicated that ileum and jejunum morphometry traits such as villus height, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth, villus tips, and base widths were not influenced by changing the average feed particle size. The pH of gizzard content at 21 days of age was not influenced by the feed particle size.
Feed particle size of 775 to 1150 µm in a corn-based mash diet had no significant effect on performance traits or small intestine morphology traits. However, high coarse diets had the potential to deteriorate BWG and FCR at earlier stages of the growth period.

If spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are transplanted into the testicles of lambs that do not have this type of cell, they begin to produce sperm in the testis of the recipient rams. The aim of this study was to prepare recipient lambs. For this purpose, heat treatments of 35, 45, 55 and 65 °C or water-ice treatment for 20, 40 and 60 minutes were used for three replicates with two days interval. The results showed that the condition of the testicles was normal at 45 °C, but the treatment at 55 °C caused infection in the seminiferous tubules and at 65 °C, the testicles were completely destroyed. The use of water-ice treatments did not change the appearance of the testes. Colony formation after extraction and culture of SSCs at 45 °C treatment and water-ice treatments were significantly reduced compared to the control (P <0.05). Also, the expression of c-myc, plzfand gfrl genes as specific SSC markers was significantly reduced in 45 °C and cold treatments compared with the control (P <0.05). Accordingly, for reducing the number of SSCs in lambs’ testicles, water ice or 45 °C treatments for 20 minutes can be used three times at intervals of two days.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feed restriction and dietary supplementation of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, hormonal, immune responses, and intestinal microbiota. The completely randomized design experiment used a 2×2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments to provide two dietary restriction levels (10 and 20% less than the standard guide for Ross strain 308 broilers), two restriction durations (7 and 14 days), and three levels of CoQ10 (0, 20, and 40 mg/kg). In addition to the above-mentioned treatments, 3 other treatments were provided without feed restriction for each of the 3 levels CoQ10. Each of the fifteen treatments was replicated 4 times with each replicate containing 10 male birds. No differences were observed in weight gain among treatments. Feed conversion ratio decreased significantly when chicks had the highest duration (14 days) and intensity (20%) of feed restriction and fed all 3 levels of coQ10 as well as when had the mild duration (7 days) and intensity (10%) of feed restriction without coQ10 supplementation (P < 0.05). Heart weight and right ventricular to total ventricular ratio were not affected by feed restriction, but both total heart and right ventricular ratio decreased when CoQ10 was fed (P < 0.05). Blood and hormonal parameters were relatively unaffected by treatments although cortisol decreased with CoQ10 supplementation and CoQ10 at 40 mg/kg increased immune globulins M and G (P < 0.05). Under the conditions of this experiment, we conclude that supplementing CoQ10 can partially overcome the negative effects of feed restriction. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, CoQ10 appears to improve immune response and reduce subclinical ascites syndrome.

In this article, one of the oldest remarkable works in the field of Persian language teaching is reviewed and analyzed. This work, called Taj al-Rous and Ezz al-Nofous, is one of the rare documents of attention to Persian language in the Ottoman empire, its traces are traced back to the seventh century AH and in terms of structure and approach, a similar work before it, even in Iran and Subcontinent, not found. The author of the book, Ahmad Ibn Ishaq al-Baqqali al-Qaisari, who was a brilliant researcher and had scientific works in subjects such as geometry, in his writing Taj al-Rous, paid attention to teaching Persian to people of all three languages: Persian, Turkish and Tazi. Its distinctive features are Ottoman Turkish subtitles and consisting of three separate lists for Persian words, common words in Persian, Arabic and Turkish, as well as common words in Persian and Turkish. The dedication of this book to the education of novice children is mentioned in the introduction of the book, and probably for this reason, its contents have been compiled somewhat briefly and in a very fluent and eloquent language. This book has three sections of vocabulary, grammar and literary text, the last section, which is probably added to complete the educational process of the book, and therefore, includes parts of Golestan with its Turkish translation. This work was used as a textbook at the Khosro beg School in the Bosnian House and is currently one of the endowed works kept in the Ghazi Khosro beg Library. In this article, by inserting parts of the text of the work and reviewing it, valuable and strategic points in the field of Persian language teaching are presented.

This study aimed to investigate and compare nonlinear growth models (NLMs) with the predicted performance of broilers using an artificial neural network (ANN). Six hundred forty broiler chicks were sexed and randomly reared in 32 separate pens as a factorial experiment with 4 treatments and 4 replicates including 20 birds per pen in a 42-day period. Treatments consisted of 2 metabolic energy levels (3000 and 3100 kcal/kg), 2 crude protein levels (22 and 24%) and two sexes. Ten birds in each pen tagged and their weekly BW records were collected individually to evaluate the accuracy of predicted BW by ANN as an alternative to nonlinear regression models (Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, and Brody). Based on the goodness of fit criteria and error measurement statistics, the NLMs fitted the age-weight data better than ANN. The findings indicated that the performance prediction of broiler chicks using the Gompertz model (R2 = 0.9989) was more accurate than other NLMs (R2 = 0.9628 to 0.9988) and ANN (R2 = 0.95839). Therefore, the application of the Gompertz model is suggested to predict the BW changes of Ross 308 broiler chicks over time.

In the past four decades, a vast knowledge has been accumulated on the chemical and biological effects of ionizing irradiation, which has contributed to promote its utilization. The chemical changes resulting from the irradiation of proteins food have been the subject of considerable study. These studies demonstrated both fragmentation and aggregation of food proteins. Application of ionizing radiation treatment of foods on an industrial scale started at the beginning of the 1980s after the joint FAO/IAEA/WHO expert committee accepted the application of a 10 kGy overall average dose for foods. Also in 1981, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that food irradiated at 50 kGy or less can be considered safe for human consumption. However, gamma irradiation of most human foods is prohibited in many countries. Most other countries that permit food irradiation also require labeling (Shawrang et al 2007). There has always been an interest in food and feed industrial applications of microwaves to improve conventional processes, with the intent of taking advantage of its rapid heating characteristics to reduce energy costs. Since it is cost competitive compared to other methods of heating, it has been used for cereal drying on a large scale. Microwave irradiation seems applicable to cereals, especially for starch, but it has not been used on a commercial scale (Sadeghi and Shawrang 2006). Soybean meal is a commonly used protein supplement for ruminants. Proteins of this supplement are extensively degraded in the rumen. Several feed processing methods (physical and chemical methods) are known to protect soybean meal proteins from ruminal fermentation. However, most of these treatments adversely affect the nutritional characteristics of the final product. No information is available concerning the comparison of gamma, electron beam, infrared and microwave irradiations on ruminal crude protein degradation Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). This study was conducted to compare the effects of gamma, electron beam, infrared and microwave irradiations on the ruminal protein degradability, intestinal digestibility and nitrogen fractionation of soybean meal based on CNCPS method.
Material and The Soy meal samples were obtained from the Jahan oilseed manufactory located 40 kmwest of Tehran (Iran). The CP, Ether extract (EE), and ash content were 456, 62.1 and 75 g/kg DM, respectively.Treatments were included: 1: raw meal, 2: gamma irradiated meal, 3: electron irradiated meal, 4: microwave irradiated meal, 5: infrared irradiated meal. Gamma irradiation was carried out in a cobalt-60 irradiator equipped with 3.7 PBq (100 kCi) activity at 20°C. The dose rate determined by Fricke dosimetry was 3.7 kGy/h. Three polyethylene packages of samples were irradiated in a gamma cell (Co-60) at doses of 50 kGy in the presence of air (Shawrang et al 2007). For electron beam irradiation, samples were packed in 30 cm × 40 cm × 5 cm nylon bags (0.5 mm thickness) and exposed to electron beam irradiation at the Yazd radiation processing center to dose 45 kGy at room temperature by a Rhodotron accelerator model TT200. All samples were irradiated at fixed beam energy of 10 MeV and the required irradiation doses were obtained by adjusting the electron beam parameters (electron beam current, Conveyor speed and etc.). Double side irradiation (exposure to both sides) was performed for uniform dose delivery. The dose was determined with cellulose triacetate films. Similarly, packed seed samples without irradiation served as control. Microwave irradiation was done at dose of 800 W for 4 min (sadeghi et al 2005) and infrared dose was set at 1000 W for 30 seconds. For chemical analysis, 10 g were ground to pass a 1mm screen and stored at −18 ◦C. Four adult male Moghani wethers with ruminal fistula were used for determination of ruminal degradability of dry matter and protein by nylon bag technique (Ørskov and McDonald 1979). Intestinal digestibility was measured with a three step enzymatic procedure. Proximate chemical analysis and nitrogen fractions were determined according to AOAC (AOAC 2000). Data were analyzed using the general linear models procedure of SAS (SAS 1996). Experimental data were submitted to a Duncan analysis to determine whether the different treatments yielded significantly different results.
There were no significant differences in dry matter, ether extract, protein and ash between the irradiated and non-irradiated or raw grains. The highest and the lowest rapidly degradable fraction (a) of dry matter was found in raw meal and electron beam irradiation, respectively. There were no significant differences among gamma, electron and microwave irradiation for rapidly degradable fraction (a) of dry matter. The lowest and the highest constant rate of dry matter degradability (c) was found in processed meal and raw meal, respectively (P0.05). Effect of different treatments on B1, B2 and B3 fractions was significant compared to raw meal (P0.05). The highest and the lowest intestinal digestibility of crude protein were found in processed meals and raw meal, respectively.
This study indicates that the degradation characteristics of soybean meal proteins could be altered by processing method especially infrared and electron beam irradiation. Irradiation processing of soybean meal resulted in decrease of effective protein degradation in the rumen and increase of intestinal crude protein digestibility by creating the cross-linking and aggregation of the polypeptide chains. Based upon these results, the best irradiation methods for soybean meal were suggested to be infrared and electron beam, respectively.

Increasing development of nuclear technologies and the importance of outbreaking possible accidents based on atomic radiations lead to more readiness and knowledge of health centers, especially military ones. So, the study aimed to measure the awareness of military hospitals medical staffs in exposure to nuclear accidents before any plan to improve future strategies. The study is descriptive – cross sectional and is performed at 6 selected military hospitals on 120 medical staffs. A questionnaire with 18 questions was used for data collection after confirming the validity and reliability. Totally, %47.2 of participants was female and %52.8 was male. The mean age was 41.1±12.5 years and the average of service duration was 14.5 years. The average score of all groups in three domains was 13.55 of 36. The mean scores obtained by general practitioners, specialists, emergency experts and nuclear technicians, and nurses were 16.1, 14.7, 12.7, and 11.9, respectively. Concerning the point that all groups in three fields could not obtain even the half of complete score, planned retraining courses for current medical staffs seems to be necessary.