a. farid

The present study sought to investigate the effectiveness of a behavior management training package based on choice theory in improving the quality of parent-child relationship. This study had a single-case design which was undertaken with concurrent multiple baseline and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all male ninth graders studying at junior high schools in Javanrud city in 2020-21 school year from among whom 3 students were selected via purposeful sampling method using inclusion criteria and the Parent-Child Relationship Quality Scale (PCRS). Each group, including students and their parents, received 12 separate training sessions which were previously designed and validated by the researchers. Data were analyzed by Visual drawing, Reliable change index (RCI), recovery percentage formula and Cohen’s d effect size. Findings showed that the implementation of behavior management training package based on choice theory had a clinically and statistically significant effect on improving the quality of parent-child relationship (both parent-child scales) (P <0.05). Therefore, it is recommended that the trainings of this behavior management package, which are based on the educational-therapeutic foundations of choice theory, be used individually and in groups by family care institutions and counseling centers of various organizations, including education and welfare.

Spleen is the largest lymphatic organ that is seriously affected during irradiation. Radiation exposure reduces both of spleen size and weight; that in turn decreases the numbers of immune cells. Melatonin is an effective free radicals scavenger. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on both blood and spleen of whole body γ-irradiated male Sprague dawley rats.

Animals were intraperitoneally injected with 100 mg/kg melatonin prior to radiation exposure by 30 minutes. Experimental groups were group I: control rats, group II: irradiated rats, group III: melatonin administrated unirradiated rats and group IV: melatonin administrated irradiated rats. Blood and spleen samples were collected 24 hours post irradiation for biochemical, immunological and blastogenesis measurements. Apoptosis, pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins of spleen cells were measured by flow cytometry techniques.

Melatonin significantly upregulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT); and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA). It down regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (p53, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-8) and up regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in spleen cells; that in turn reduced the radiation-induced apoptosis. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β) were significantly reduced in group IV. Blastogenesis assay showed that melatonin protects PBMC and spleen B lymphocytes and stabilized their proliferation.

Melatonin administration prior to whole body γ-radiation successfully protected rat's spleen from the consequences of radiation exposure. This was due to its free radicle scavenger nature, its reduction of lipid peroxidation and its anti-apoptotic effects.

The aim of this research was the ettect of innovative teaching model and learning based on 7E learning model with improve creative thinking students.

Research design was Quasi- experimental and pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population includes of female students high school in the academic year 2014-2015 city Tabriz were, that a sample of 60 students who were selected randomly in three groups, two experimental groups and one control group. Experimental group 1 (Synectics Teaching Model) and the experimental group 2 (model seven-stage learning cycle) were in the control group did not receive any training. To collect the data, Torrance creative thinking was used. Analysis of the data was performed by analysis of covariance and LSD post hoc test.

The results showed that the pattern of innovative teaching and learning cycle of seven stages has an effect of the creative thinking of students. Actually the innovative teaching model and learning based on 7E learning model is increasing creative thinking students.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of blindness in 25-65 years old age population. Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes can delay diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study is to evaluate medical follow up of patients with diabetic retinopathy. In a descriptive cross-sectional design, patients with diabetic retinopathy, who had been referred for operation or laser therapy, were interviewed by an ophthalmologist and questionnaires were completed. Results Of 100 patients with mean age of 53 years, 65% were female and 35% were male. 50% of patients were illiterate. 24% of patients had regular ophthalmologist follow up and 75% of patients had no regular follow up. Causes of poor follow up were low awareness (42%), economical factors (12%), lack of family support (8%) and ophthalmologist unavailability (6%). Augmenting our information about the follow up of diabetic patients and probable problems in this trend can help the health organizations in order to design more effective control programs for them. It seems that a regional follow up protocol for diabetes is needed to check the trend of quality of care of diabetes in Iran.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the cause of the most common infection in the world. It has been recognized as the major cause of peptic ulcer and an important risk factor for gastric malignancy. A variety of reliable methods are available for detecting HP during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Rapid urease test (RUT) is the cheapest method and histology is the most expensive; brush cytology is faster and cheaper than histology. The brushing cytology materials were obtained from the antrum of the stomach in 109 patients who suffered from dyspepsia and were candidates for endoscopy. The RUT and histology with hematoxylin-eosin staining were also performed on each patient separately. The infection status for each patient was established by a concordance of two test results. Seventy-eight of 100 patients (78%) were diagnosed as positive for Helicobacter pylori organisms using brushing cytology. The sensitivity and specificity of brushing cytology were 96% and 72% respectively. Sensitivity of brush cytology (96%) was higher than RUT (77.4%), and RUT was more specific than histology (100% vs 90%). Gastric brushing cytology provides an accurate, inexpensive and easy technique in the rapid detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. When additional information about the severity of mucosal damage or the presence of cell atypias is not necessary, histologic examination can be omitted, and a cost effective strategy for assessing HP status might consist of taking antral biopsies, the former for RUT and performing brush cytology slide, which should be stained and examined only when the RUT result is negative.

Causes of blindness in children vary according to the region and socioeconomic development. Within a given country these causes vary with passage of time. This reflects different levels of socioeconomic development and provision of healthcare services. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to estimate the major causes of severe visual impairment in children and specially preventable and curable blindness in southern Iran. 145 students of Shiraz Blinds'' School, Shiraz, Iran, interviewed, examined and their medical documents reviewed. Causes of visual loss were analyzed according to involved anatomic area. 145 students (290 eyes) were examined (53.1% girls and 46.9% boys), among which 42.1% had vision of no light perception. Eye dysgenesis was found in 21.4%, glaucoma in 15.9%, lens associated visual loss in 6.2%, optic nerve lesions in1.4%, retinal problems in 54.48% and corneal problems in less than 1%. Sixty five students had retinitis pigmentosa, which was the single commonest cause of visual loss. The major cause of childhood blindness in this region is retinitis pigmentosa, followed by microphtalmia, eye dysgenesis and congenital glaucoma. Large proportion of these blind children had a positive history of consanguineous marriage in their parents and this seemed to be the most probable cause of increased frequency of genetic causes of childhood blindness.