a. nikoukar

One of the most important economic policies in most countries is to support producers or consumers through subsidies. The category of green subsidies has been proposed in the direction of agricultural development, which is in line with the law on targeted subsidies, but in a real way. Green subsidies belong to farmers and are used to boost business and industry in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization by applying a simulated green subsidy policy on the variables of employment, investment, and value added in the agricultural sector, which is designed in the form of 20%, 50% and 100% scenarios. The model was calibrated using the social accounting matrix of 2011 and the baseline scenario (0% of green subsidies). GAMS software was used to analyze the data in this research. The results show an increase in employment in the agricultural sector during the effects of Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization and by applying the green subsidy simulation policy, in 20, 50 and 100% scenarios. Also, the implementation of green subsidy policy has led to an increase in investment in the agricultural sector.This is  due to the increased production in this sector and as a result, increase in the use of intermediate inputs. The results obtained from the mentioned shocks show that value added in the agricultural sector has an upward trend, which is due to the increase in the use of factors of production in this sector.

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors in Iran and its growth is important for food security. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the determinants of agricultural sector. One of these factors is bank credits that provide investment opportunities for entrepreneurs. Some economists believe that the type of bank ownership (public or private) affects the relationship between the variables of bank credit and economic growth. Some of them are in favor of more government intervention and others are against government intervention in the payment of banking facilities. However, in previous domestic studies, the role of bank ownership has rarely been considered. Thus this study aimed at investigating the effect of bank credits on the growth of the agricultural sector with emphasis on the role of bank ownership. For this purpose, ARDL and Fuzzy-ARDL methods as well as quarterly data from winter 2009 to spring 2018 were used. The study findings showed that in Iran, investment enhanced the growth of the agricultural sector, but the increase in labor had a negative effect on it. In addition, the results showed that the facilities granted by state-owned banks were more effective than the facilities of private banks on the growth of the agricultural sector; this finding is in line with the views of the proponents of government intervention in the provision of banking facilities. Therefore, it is suggested that the share of state-owned banks in granting banking facilities to the agricultural sector be higher than that of private banks.For this purpose, the ARDL and Fuzzy-ARDL method is used. The used quarterly data cover winter 2009 to spring 2018. The results show the credit of state banks have more effect on agricultural growth in comparison to the credit of private banks.

One of the most important economic policies in most countries is to support producers or consumers through subsidies; and green subsidies are designed for farmers to achieve the prosperity of business and industry in the agricultural sector. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) by calculating the effects of green subsidy application on farmers' welfare using supply function estimation within a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Thus, the simulated green subsidy policy in the agricultural sector was designed through 20%, 50% and 100% scenarios and also the model calibration was done using the social accounting matrix of 2011 and the baseline scenario (zero percent of green subsidy applications). In addition, GAMS software was used to analyze the research information. The results showed that during Iran's accession to the World Trade Organization, followed by the implementation of the simulated green subsidy policy, production in the agricultural sector would increase and the prices would decrease while production in industry and services would decrease and the prices would increase. In general, the results of the observed changes indicated an increase in producer welfare in all sectors, with the difference that in the agricultural sector, these changes would be much greater.

Supportive policies on wheat crops to achieve food security have always been considered by the concerned policy-makers, but only in the short term. The Iranian governments subsidize wheat consumption within a framework of the Affordable Food Policy as well as the supportive pricing policies, subsidizing production inputs, and insurance for wheat production. Presently, the government is also the sole buyer and seller of wheat in the country. This study aimed at evaluating the government policies in the wheat market during 2000-2016, considering the continuity and increasing costs of support programs for wheat producers and consumers. For this purpose, the modeling results showed that the supply and demand elasticity values in Iran market were invalid and had to be evaluated using a model error. The economists might only use supply and demand elasticity values with low errors to model the welfare and an acceptable market situation; otherwise, based on model error, welfare calculations, or production and consumption losses would be invalid. For solving this problem, a new model based on the complicated Iran market was investigated, analyzed and verified.

Price transmission in different levels of market has some effects on producers and dealers’ income and welfare and consumers’ expenditure and welfare. For this reason, analysis of agricultural commodities prices is important both in economical and political aspects. Existence of asymmetrical price transmission will incur increasing in marketing margin and will have profit for marketing factors, also will decrease producers and consumers’ surplus. For the reason that beef provide society nutrition and there are too many producers in this sector, this article conducted with the aim of considering to kind of price transmission in Iranian Beef Industry. In this study, using monthly data for farm, slaughter-house and retail prices for beef during 1998-2005 and error correction model, price transmission model is estimated. Results show that price transmission in all beef marketing level in long run is symmetry and in short run from farm to slaughter-house and from farm to retail level is asymmetry. Elasticity of price transmission show that increase in farm price transmit to retail level with stronger effects. For asymmetry reason in beef market price transmission, consumers pay most expensive price from final price, and marketing factors will get profit for price fluctuation.