a. shokri

Semiconductor junction-based radioisotope detectors are commonly used in radioisotope batteries due to their small size and excellent performance. This study aims to design a betavoltaic battery based on a metal-porous semiconductor Schottky structure, comprising an N-type zinc oxide (ZnO) semiconductor and platinum (Pt) metal. we utilized the TCAD-SILVACO 3D simulator to simulate the device, and a C-Interpreter code was applied to simulate the beta particle source, which was an electron beam with an average energy equivalent to 63Ni beta particles. The short circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor (FF), and efficiency of the designed structure were calculated through simulation. Additionally, we discussed the theoretical justification based on the energy band structure. The energy conversion efficiency of the proposed structure was calculated to be 11.37% when bulk ZnO was utilized in the Schottky junction. However, by creating pores and increasing the effective junction area, a conversion efficiency of 35.5% was achieved. The proposed structure exhibited a short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor (FF) of 37.5 nA, 1.237 V, and 76.5%, respectively. This study explored a betavoltaic device with a porous structure based on a Schottky junction between Pt and ZnO semiconductor. The creation of pores increased the contact surface area and effectively trapped beta beams, resulting in improved performance metrics such as efficiency, short circuit current, and open-circuit voltage.

The Field-effect Bipolar Junction Transistor (FEBJT) is a device with a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) characteristics except that it is designed with standard CMOS technology. Therefore, it can be implemented in nanometer dimensions without the usual restrictions in fabricating the nanoscale BJTs. In addition to the advantages that FEBJT has as a bipolar junction transistor in analog circuits, it can also be used to design digital circuits. Here, we have investigated the capability of FEBJT as the base of a new digital family in nanometer scales. To do this, we have designed and simulated an inverter logic gate based on FEBJT. We have presented this logic gate's static and dynamic assessment criteria and compared these characteristics with other technologies. Also, a three-stage ring oscillator circuit based on FEBJT is designed and presented. A three-dimensional TCAD Mixed-Mode simulator has been used for the simulations. The value of maximum frequency, PDP, dynamic power, and ring frequency are calculated 0.25THz, 38×10-17 J, 94uW, and 85GHz, respectively. The excellent function of the FEBJT-based inverter gate and oscillator demonstrates that this device can be used as the base of new digital circuits and can open a doorway to the nanoscale CMOS digital family.

In this paper a new method in design and modeling of infrared detector HgCdTe in photoconductive mode ‎is presented. In this method after scrutiny mechanical, optical, electrical properties of semiconductor ‎HgCdTe and solving the photoconductive equations, software of equations is programmed and with initial ‎value and repeat cycle, their changes to key parameters such as thickness, wavelength and amount of ‎impurities are calculated and finally, performance of detector is optimized.‎ Modeling of photoconductive detector has been done in temperature of 300K and 2-6 µm wavelength range‎‎, according to obtained results, optimal specific detectivity  is 3×109 cmHz1/2W-1‎‏ ‏in 5.77 µm wavelength.‎

Due to their high efficiency and low ‎cost, electrostatic electron accelerators with a moderate energy,  are used in the industry. In an electrostatic accelerator, the acceleration tube plays the role of dividing ‎the potential of the high-voltage terminal so that it accelerates the beam incrementally in a straight line. In this ‎paper, an acceleration tube for a Dynamitron accelerator with a voltage of 500 kV is designed by CST Studio ‎Suite software. In this design, an electron gun with flat cathode, and a current of 50 mA was used.  In order to ‎extract the beam from the electron gun, two filters are used: electrodes and the lens electrode, with voltages of 495 and ‎‎481 kV, respectively; besides for electron acceleration, 13 electrodes with a potential step of 37 kV have been ‎designed. To hold the electrodes and prevent electrical discharges between the electrodes, insulating ‎sheets made of Pyrex are used. At the end of the acceleration tube, a 50mA beam current, a waist radius of less than 0.5 ‎mm, a 73nm radian emittance, and a 0.15μperv beam were obtained. The dimensions of the acceleration tube ‎and the results of investigating the change in the radius of the electrodes, the displacement and deviation of ‎the angles of the first electrode relative to the axis of the acceleration tube are presented in this paper‎.‎

In recent decades, Iran has been facing severe water deficiency. In all countries, industrial plants are the most water-consuming sectors; thus, industrial wastewater treatment is always a essential subject. Nitro-Toluene derivatives are extensively used in industries, especially the military industry, which itself has an abundant share in industrial wastewater contamination. These compounds are extremely dangerous for living beings and can have irreparable effects, so eradication of them in industrial wastewater is necessary. Photocatalytic processes are one of the particular approaches in industrial wastewater treatment from the advanced oxidation processes subdivision. One of the prominent and most widely used photocatalysts in this process is Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) . This research aims at the investigations for the modification of  TiO2/Bentonite (TB) catalysts for attaining more economical saving and degradation stabilization conditions. To achieve this goal, the Bentonite and TiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized by a co-precipitation procedure, and its catalytic activity on Para Nitro-Toluene (PNT) degradation was examined. The designed TB photocatalyst is made of 5, 10 and 20 % of TB. A suspension reactor and the spectrophotometry was applied for specifying the extent of the degradation. Characterization of modified catalyst was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The results highlight that with increasing TiO2 percent, degradation rate augmented, and the highest degradation was attained for TB 20% at 59%. However, Under the same conditions, for pure TiO2, the degradation rate is 64%, but with more TiO2 consumption and time. Finally, in order to further confirm the extent of the degradation, chemical oxygen demand (COD) test was performed on the TA20 sample. The results showed that about 53% of PNT has been converted to minerals.

The tool used to collect data should have validity in the first stage and reliability in the second stage. The aim of this study was to design a tool for program management of middle-aged people in health centers in 2019.

This study was a descriptive-applied research. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire from a comparative study and interview. The validity of tool was examined by surveying 14 experts in the field of health services management, health education, general practitioner and nursing using Lawshi method. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by selecting 30 experts in middle-aged people program and using the test-retest method with time interval of two weeks. For data analysis, the SPSS software version 20 was used.

In the validity stage, based on the opinions of 14 experts, out of 87 questions, 1 question with a content validity ratio of 0.45 and a content validity index of 0.73 was removed from the questionnaire questions and the rest of the questions were approved in terms of content. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was obtained in two stages (the first stage was 0.85 and the second stage was 0.95) and the correlation coefficient was 0.99 for the whole questionnaire.

The results of the present study showed that the component of public participation and the component of executive management had the highest and lowest correlation in the management of health services for middle-aged people, so policymakers and health care planners can use it to improve the quality of health services for middle-aged people.

Considering the high consumption of diesel fuel in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to find solutions to reduce its consumption, and it will be feasible to have a convenient mathematical model more easily and transparently.Fuel and lubrication costs range from at least 16% to more than 45% of total machine costs, depending on the type of fuel and the amount of time that the tractor or the machine carries out for agricultural operations. Therefore, the fuel consumption index has a significant role in the selection and management of tractors and agricultural equipment. Most budgeting models also use a simple method to estimate the consumption of diesel fuel, but it is needed a model that describes the real conditions of agronomic operations used to compare agricultural machinery management policies.

This case study was conducted in Parsabad city of Moghan, the northernmost province of Ardabil province. The main agricultural products in Pars-Abad Moghan include wheat, maize, maize, canola and sugar beet. The product of this study was irrigated wheat with a crop area of 18042 hectares.In this study, in order to create homogeneous conditions in the study of diesel fuel consumption and the ineffectiveness of the type and model of tractor in it, only diesel fuel consumption was considered by the tractor MF-399. Selection of sample farmers was also carried out among owners of this type of tractor. Selection of owners of tractor MF-399 in Pars-Abad Moghan city was done by random sampling method. For this purpose, Cochran formula was used. Two-way flexible and non-flexible models have been used to predict the diesel fuel consumption. The model used includes the Cobb-Douglas function and transcendental function. Statistical calculations in this study were performed using Excel software and SPSS16 software.

For comparing the best form of the fuel function, the test formulas for the comparison of the form of functions such as bounded least squared F, LR test, White test, Breusch-Godfrey test and Rigorous test were used. Diagnostic statisticians (well-fitting coefficient), the normal distribution of distorted sentences, and the heterogeneity of variance showed that both forms were acceptable. Based on the LR statistic, zero statistics did not rule out the discrepancy between the two coherent models (Cobb-Douglas) and non-dominant (transcendent), but the coherent model was preferable to be the transcendental model because of its simplicity and power of explanation.According to the estimated model, the duration of soil tillage operations had a positive stretch in diesel fuel consumption and, among other variables, had the highest elongation. It should be noted that the average time required for tillage operations was 387.6 min ha-1, which will save 0.31 L ha-1, if one percent of this time (3.9 minutes) is reduced. Thus, the value of the amount of gasoline saved will be about 990 Rials per hectare and equal to 7.7 percent of the value of one kilogram of wheat. Therefore, if the operating time is reduced at the macro level of the country, a significant amount of cost will be saved. Therefore, it is imperative that farm managers take time management in serious soil tillage operations and try to reduce this time.So that, in exchange for an increase of 1% over the duration of the tillage, a fuel consumption of 0.6% would be increased. It is also clear that an increase of 0.6% in fuel consumption for tillage operations is significant, indicating the fact that farm managers have made the need for time management, especially in the tillage operations, to reduce this time. According to the estimated model, the duration of the planting operation also had a positive stretch in the consumption of diesel fuel. So that, in exchange for an increase of 1% over the duration of the planting operation, a fuel consumption of 0.04% would be increased.

Use of the Cobb-Douglas model with five sentences and four independent variables including cropping area, soil tillage operation time, planting time and weeding operation time in order to predict the amount of diesel fuel used to produce wheat, had acceptable results and as a predictive model with low complexity but with high precision, can be easily used in annual budgeting for the production of wheat.

This paper presents the design of a thermionic electron gun with two different geometries, flat cathode and spherical cathode.The purpose of this research is to answer the question of which type of electron gun is suitable for industrial electrostatic accelerators. CST Studio software was used to design the guns. The desired specification in the design of a suitable thermionic gun, the maximum current  of  50 milliamper and the voltage 5 to 10 kilovolt, is selected for use in the dynamitron accelerator. The beam current, the waist beam radius, the waist beam position and the perveance of a flat cathode gun and spherical cathode gun were 49 and 49.8 mA, 3.2 and 0.45 mm, 36 and 24.3mm, 0.138 and 0.0498 μperv, respectively. Since the electron guns used in the industry have a perveance between 0.1 to 1 μperv therefore, an electron gun with a flat cathode with 0.138 μperv is more suitable.  On the other hand, it is easier and less costly to make it. That is why the gun with a flat cathode was chosen and its final dimensions are presented.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an irreversible disorder of the renal function. The aim of this study was to  describe the features of patients with chronic renal failure and the factors associated with this disease among hemodialysis patients in a hospital in Tehrn in 2016.
  In this cross-sectional descriptive study, patients presenting to the hemodialysis department of Shahid Ayatollah Ashrafi Esfahani Hospital who underwent continuous hemodialysis treatment for at least three months were studied. Data were gathered from the medical records of the patient s and, if necessary, additional interviews were conducted with the patients. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using the Stata software version 14.
  Of 359 patients, 230 (64.07%) were male with a mean age of 58.1 ± 1.09 years. The frequency (frequency percentage) of the most commonly known possible causes of renal failure was hypertension 91 (25.35%), hypertension and diabetes 84 (23.43%), and diabetes 78 (21.73%). The mortality rate was higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients (50% vs 38.55%).
  The main cause of chronic renal failure is hypertension and diabetes, and the mortality rate is higher in these patients than in other patients.

In this paper, spin-dependent electrical transport properties are investigated in a single-crystal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) which consists of two ferromagnetic Fe electrodes separated by an MgO insulating barrier. These properties contain electric current, spin polarization and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR). For this purpose, spin-dependent Hamiltonian is described for Δ1 and Δ5 bands in the transport direction. The transmission is calculated by Green's function formalism based on a single-band tight-binding approximation. The transport properties are investigated as a function of the barrier thickness in the limit of coherent tunneling. We have demonstrated that dependence of the TMR on the applied voltage and barrier thickness. Our numerical results may be useful for designing of spintronic devices. The numerical results may be useful in designing of spintronic devices.

In this paper، we have investigated the spin-dependent transport properties and electron entanglement in a mesoscopic system، which consists of two semi-infinite leads (as source and drain) separated by a typical quantum wire with a given potential. The properties studied include current-voltage characteristic، electrical conductivity، Fano factor and shot noise، and concurrence. The calculations are based on the transfer matrix method within the effective mass approximation. Using the Landauer formalism and transmission coefficient، the dependence of the considered quantities on type of potential well، length and width of potential well، energy of transmitted electron، temperature and the voltage have been theoretically studied. Also، the effect of the above-mentioned factors has been investigated in the nanostructure. The application of the present results may be useful in designing spintronice devices.