a.a .norasteh

Strengthening and improving neuromuscular control in various ways, including technique modification, in order to prevent sports injuries, as a principle, is always of interest to researchers and athletes. Landing technique after jumping during sports such as volleyball is known as one of the most important non-contact mechanisms of knee joint ligament injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dynamic neuromuscular stability (DNS) exercises on knee functional tests in female athletes.

30 female volleyball players (age 22.06±3.39 years, height 1.67±0.04 m, weight 63.70±8.86 kg and body mass index 22.81±3.38 kg/m2) with at least three years of experience in volleyball training, they participated in this research and were randomly divided into two control groups (15 people) and an experimental group (15 people). Tuck Jump and Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) tests were recorded as subjects' performance scores. The kinematic variables of the subjects' lower limbs were measured by two cameras from the sagittal and frontal views during the Tuck Jump and LESS tests, before and after DNS exercises. The functional error of the subjects was recorded using the Kinovea software and recorded in the special table for scoring the tests. The subjects of the experimental group participated in the program of DNS exercises for 6 weeks and 3 sessions per week (each session lasting about 50 minutes). In order to analyze the data, independent and dependent parametric t-tests were used for data with normal distribution, and Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon non-parametric tests were used for data with non-normal distribution in SPSS version 23 software.

The findings of the current research showed that DNS exercises was led to a significant decrease in the average Tuck Jump errors from 10.66 in the pre-test to 7.80 in the post-test (p=0.001), the score of the LESS from 8.13 in the pre-test to 4.53 in the post-test (p=-0.001) and the ligament dominance score decreased from 1.40 in the pre-test to 0.8 in the post-test (p=0.003) in the experimental group.

According to the results of the present study, it seems that performing DNS exercises in female volleyball players reduces the risk of injury and improves Motor-performance and is probably effective in the rehabilitation of athletes. Therefore, the use of DNS exercises in sports with frequent jumps and landings such as volleyball is recommended to prevent ACL injury.

Movement is considered a system that is made up of several elements, each of which has a relatively unique basic function necessary for the production and regulation of movement. Sometimes, repetitive movement and sustained postures causes to move away from the normal state. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between scapular movement impairment and shoulder girdle strength and range of motion in professional male volleyball players.

120 men volleyball players (mean ± SD, age: 23.25±3.23 years, weight: 88.11±8.14 kg and height: 192.78±8.63cm) participated in this study. Participants classified according to the obvious scapular movement impairment during scapular dyskinesis test and Kibler shoulder lateral slip test. For measure the strength and range of motion handheld power meter and goniometer were used respectively. Scapulohumeral rhythm used to measure with inclinometer. Shapiro- Wilk test was used to check the data normality. Pearson correlation (p<0.05) was used to analyze data.

The results showed, there was a significant relationship between movement impairment and range of motion of the shoulder extension (p=0.001), (r=-0.752), Internal rotation (p=0.003), (r=-0.554), strength scapula downward rotation (p=0.003), (r=-0.482), elevation (p= 0.029), (r = 0.286) and  Depression (p=0.003), (r=0.460) Scaption (p=0.003),(r =0.137), scapula protraction (p=0.001), (r=0.534), and retraction (p=0.002), (r=-0.649) and scapulohumeral rhythm 0°, 90°, 135°(p= 0.001), (r=0.583, 0.581, 0.583) and 45° (p=0.003), (r=0.580). However, there was no significant relationship between movement impairment, rang of motion of the shoulder flexion, external rotaion, adduction and abduction, strength of the shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation, and horizontal adduction. (p>0.05)

According to the results pattern of repetitive movement in the sport of volleyball, in long duration may disturb the balance of natural ratio of strength, range of motion and scapulohumeral rhythm in the shoulder girdle and scapula reign.

The range of motion and alignment of the cervical spine in healthy people is influenced by various factors such as genetics and age. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age on the alignment and range of motion of the cervical spine.

In this study, a comprehensive study on the effect of age on the alignment and range of motion of the cervical spine by searching in Google Scholar, PubMed and Sciencedirect databases with the keywords “Cervical Spine”, “Neck, Range of Motion”, “Cervical Alignment” , “Cervical Angle” and “Age-Related Change” and also in Persian databases of Google Scholar, Megapiper, Irandac, Mgiran, SID, MedLib, Iran Medax and Iran Science and Technology Research Institute with keywords “Neck,” “Cervical Spine”, “Range of Motion”, “Neck Alignment”, “Neck Angle” and “Age-Related Changes” were performed from 2000 to January 2021. After collecting the search results, first the title and then the abstract of the articles were studied. If the articles complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, their results were used in the review study, otherwise discarded.

In the search of texts, after deleting similar cases, 37 articles, with similar subject to our study, were selected. These studies mainly investigated the effect of age on range of motion and Cervical Alignment in healthy individuals.

According to the results of studies, the range of motion in the cervical spine decreased with age, which of course does not follow a regular pattern because in some ages it increases and in some ages it decreases. Also, age has influence not only on the range of motion but also on the alignment of the cervical spine. Therefore, due to individual differences and people's lifestyles and occupations, it is very difficult to understand whether we always see an increase in cervical lordosis and a decrease in range of motion with age. Therefore, we should be cautious and should not draw a general rule for all people, so there is a need for more research in this area in the future.

Wheelchair basketball athletes, as a group of people with spinal cord injury, are at risk for upper cross syndrome. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a corrective exercise program based on scapular stability on upper cross syndrome in wheelchair basketball athletes.

In this semi-experimental study that was conducted in 2017-2018, 24 veteran and handicapped wheelchair basketball athletes who had spinal cord injury with upper cross syndrome in Mashhad were selected by purposive sampling method and divided into control (n=12) and case (n=12) groups. A corrective exercise program based on scapular stability were administered to the case group for 8 weeks. Camera and flexible ruler tools were used to measure forward head, rounded shoulder and kyphosis, respectively. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 23 software using independent t-test, paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s post hoc test.

The severity of forward head, rounded shoulder and kyphosis abnormalities was less in class 3 than in class 1 and 2. There was a significant difference between the case and control groups after training in all three forward head, rounded shoulder, and kyphosis abnormalities (p<0.05).

The corrective exercises based on scapula stability are one of the most useful training methods for restoring muscle balance and preventing and correcting abnormalities in wheelchair basketball athletes.

Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is one of the most common disorders in child psychiatry. Children with ADHD have difficulties in different areas, including motor skills and, especially motor coordination. Balance is one of the important components in motor coordination for exercise and even daily living activities.
Targeted exercise with focus on improving motor performance is an important part of the non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD patients in order to upgrade athletic skills, confidence, social relationships and improve the prognosis.
To investigate the effect of core stabilization training on balance in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD).
This study is a semi-experimental (pretest, posttest without control group). The study population included all male students 8-11 years old with attention deficit/hyperactivity in Bandar Anzali in the 93-94 school year. At first, parents completed the Conners parent rating scale for ADHD and then, diagnostic criteria by clinical interview based on DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorder) criteria were assessed by child psychiatrists. Finally, 10 children with ADHD were enrolled in the study. Static balance was assessed by stork modified test and dynamic balance by the star excursion balance test. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16.0 software. The normality of data was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and then we used dependent t-test and independent t-test, and significance level was set at( P≤0.05).
Statistical comparison of static and dynamic balance in the dominant and non-dominant foot before and after the implementation of core stabilization training in boys with ADHD showed that the implementation of this program improves the performance of static and dynamic balance (P≤ 0.05)but no significant difference was observed between the improvement of the dominant and non-dominant foot (P≥ 0.05).
Core stabilization training is effective on improving the static and dynamic balance in children with ADHD. It seems that these exercises can be targeted as interventions to improve balance performance used to enhance motor skills in children with ADHD.

Balance involves a complex of dynamic interactions of vestibular، visual، and somatosensory information. The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationship between knee and trunk extensor muscles strength with balance. 297 male students of guidance level of Guilan Province were selected through cluster random sampling. Star excursion balance test and a dynamometer were used to measure balance and strength of knee and trunk extensor muscles respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were used to test the hypothesis of the study. α level was set 0. 05. The results of the study showed a significant correlation between three groups of muscles strength with balance. By regarding the results of the study، it seems that knee، hip and trunk extensor muscles strength have basic role in balance.

Balance is a key component of motor skills ranging from maintaining posture to executing complex sport skills. The aim of this study was to compare static and dynamic balance in athletes of gymnastic, soccer, basketball, swimming and nonathletes. 40 female athletes with five years of athletic experience (gymnasts: n=10, age 14.50±0.31 years, height 155.20±7.75 cm, mass 49.70±3.91 kg, soccer players: n=10, age 22.80±1.45 years, height 160.60±5.12cm, mass 52.95±4.87kg, basketball players: n=10, age 21.60±1.07 years, height 165.5± 6.75 cm, mass 57.43±6.27 kg), swimmers: n=10, age 23.30±1.63 years, height 163.5±5.46 cm, mass 55.50±4.42 kg) and 10 female non-athletes (n = 10, age 23.70±0.94 years, height 161.40±3.27 cm, mass 54.60±3.54 kg and without athletic experience) participated in this study. Static balance was assessed using the balance error scoring system (BESS) and dynamic balance was assessed using the star excursion balance test (SEBT). Data were analyzed by ANOVA test (p≤0.05). BESS error scores for the gymnastics group were significantly lower than the swimming group and nonathlete group. These scores in the soccer group were lower than swimming group (p≤0.05). Star excursion balance test scores were higher in the gymnastics group than the basketball group and non-athlete group and in the soccer group than nonathlete group (p≤0.05). It was observed that swimmers enjoyed lower static balance and basketball players enjoyed lower dynamic balance; this may be a strong predictor of future ankle sprains. Therefore, athletic trainers and coaches are advised to perform regular screening programs using balance test of BESS and SEBT, and to assess the athletes’ balance so that they can recognize those with poor balance.