a.a. mirakzadeh

It seems that in different geographical conditions, according to the existing culture and facilities, the type and method of exploitation are different, which will affect the quantity and quality of exploitation and ultimately, the destructive or protective role of harvesting products on forests and pastures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dual revenue-protection role of exploitation of non-timber products of Shabankareh’s forest in Ravansar County in Kermanshah province, Iran. The research was quantitative, and in terms of data collection method, it was descriptive survey research. The study population consists of 111 householders in Shabankareh village. The results showed that the role of non-timber products in the livelihood of foresters is significant and the income is 6485096.77 Tomans annually, which has a complementary role to improve the livelihood of users. Also, results showed that the average exploitation rank of villagers who harvest in the form of groups was 57.75, which is higher than villagers who were personally exploited. According to the findings of the factor analysis technique, observing the correct principles of exploitation with 15.19% of the total variance, managing and monitoring the principles and appropriate time of exploitation with 14.71% and increasing sensitivity to the forest situation with 8.37% of the total variance, have the greatest impact on the protective role of exploitation. Results showed that the Exploitation of non-timber product is a more destructive and less protective role in Shabankareh’s forests. In general, it can be said that by modifying the exploitation structures, the protective role of exploitation of non-timber products can be strengthened.

Environmental crises, degradation of natural resources and reduction of social, economic and environmental capital in the fields of agriculture and natural resources show that man in the face of nature, has gone beyond the limits of morality. This study aimed to analyze ethical considerations among farmers in Sonqur County of Kermanshah province in Iran using the theory of fuzzy logic. The statistical population of the study consisted of farmers in eight sub-districts of the county (N=18917); and among them, based on Morgan’s sampling table, 375 farmers were selected as the sample in a two-stage cluster sampling method. The fuzzy logic method and MATLAB software were used to classify the sub-districts in terms of ethicality. The study findings showed that in the field of environmental ethics, all of the farmers of the studied sub-districts with the high degree of membership were at the low ethical level; and in terms of agricultural ethics, Abbarik (33.8) and Satar (37.9) sub-districts with high degree of membership were at the moderate ethical level and other sub-districts with various degrees of membership were placed at low level; and overall, in terms of environmental-agricultural ethics, Satar (43.5), Abbarik (38.8), Gaverood (33.6), Bavaleh (32.5) and Agahan (32.3) sub-districts, respectively, were ranked in the first to fifth positions and with high membership degree were placed at the moderate level and other sub-districts with high membership degree were placed at the low level of ethicality. Accordingly, the study findings and the proved possibility of applying the fuzzy logic in the field of agricultural ethics suggested that the decisions made on the basis of this model could be included in the agenda of managers and planners of agricultural development; in this regard, some suggestions were provided by this study.

The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ current and desired knowledge and skills related to curriculum and instruction. The population for the study was 1214 students of agricultural schools in the west of Iran (Hamedan and Kermanshah Provinces). A systematic randomization resulted in a sample of 398 participants from the population. A survey questionnaire was constructed and used to collect data from randomly selected students and were analyzed by SPSS software. Based on the results of the test and Cohen's effect size in comparison t-test with a significance level of 0.05, the agricultural education teachers in three levels - professional skills in order to provide the innovative curriculum and training by a factor of (C.d. =2.00), the use of educational technology in lessons coefficient (C.d. =1.54), scientific methods of assessment and evaluation multiplier effect (C.d. =1.41) are moderate to low.

This research was carried out through a descriptive-correlation method with the purpose of Analyzing the Attitude of Agricultural Students toward Group Learning and the factors affecting it. The research population consisted of the agricultural students at Agricultural College of the Razi University (N=793) from whom a sample of 196 students were selected through Bartlett's Table and by Random Stratified Sampling Method. Data gathering instrument was a questionnaire the validity and reliability of which was confirmed through Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (0.77>α>0.84) and by a panel of experts. Results indicated that attitude of agricultural students toward group learning was positive. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that variables including team working ability, gender, educational system had meaningful effects on the attitude towards group learning, with these variables in total determining 26% of variation of attitude towards group learning.

The main purpose of this study was investigating the effect of social capital on knowledge management of the staffs of Jihad-e-Agriculture organization in sothern counties of Ilam province. Statistical population consisted all staffs of jihad-e-agriculture organization in Abdanan, Dareshahr and Dehloran counties (N=168), that 116 individuals were selected as research sample with using random stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α> 0.70).Data was analyzed by SPSSwin16 software. Results showed that level of social capital and knowledge management between Jihad-e-Agriculture staffs was moderate level. Results of correlation analysis showed that there was positive and significant relationship between social capital components (cooperation and voluntary participation, collective identity, mutual cooperation, communications and responisiveness, trust, collective coherence, networks and common norms) and knowledge management. Also, findings of path analysis showed that among social capital components, networks and common norms component with total effect of 54.1 % had the most effect and voluntary participation component with totall effect of 6% had the lowest effect on knowledge management of Jihad-e-Agriculture staffs and totally social capital components explained 50.7% of knowledge management variations as dependent variable.