a.m. nazari

In this article, the history of matrix and determinants from the beginning to the beginning of the 20th century is studied. But in the 20th century, the theory of matrices has spread so much that writing a history about it will probably be very voluminous and a separate history should be written for each of the topics. The fact that the Gaussian elimination method has a history of more than 2000 years is one of the points we will address. We want to know by whom matrices were introduced and developed before the 20th century. We will also introduce the first person who used determinants and study his influence on the work of later mathematicians. Today, matrices are expanding, but determinants are not much considered because of the large amount of calculations they have, and the invention of digital computers did not cause us to return to Cramer's method, but at one time, determinants were much more interested than matrices.

In this paper, for a given set of real interval numbers $\sigma$ that satisfies in special conditions, we find an interval nonnegative matrix $C^I$ such that for each point set $\delta$ of given interval spectrum $\sigma$, there exists a point matrix $C$ of $C^I$ such that $\delta$ is its spectrum. For this purpose, we use unit lower triangular matrices and especially try to use binary unit lower triangular matrices. We also study some conditions for existence solution to the problem.

‎The purpose of this paper is to solve two types of Lyapunov equations and quadratic matrix equations by using the spectral representation‎. ‎We focus on solving Lyapunov equations $AX+XA^*=C$ and $AX+XA^{T}=-bb^{T}$ for $A‎, ‎X in mathbb{C}^{n times n}$ and $b in mathbb{C} ^{n times s}$ with $s < n$‎, ‎which $X$ is unknown matrix‎. ‎Also‎, ‎we suggest the new method for solving quadratic matrix equations $AX^{2}+BX+C=0$‎, ‎where $A‎, ‎B‎, ‎C‎, ‎X in mathbb{C}^{n times n}$ and $X$ is unknown matrix with similar method‎.

The use of online games in recent years has become a popular entertainment among teens. Due to their highly motivating properties and the high rates of addiction to these games, the motivating factors for online gaming have come to the attention of researchers. The present study aimed to develop and test a model for the relationship between motivations for gaming and addiction to online games.
In this cross- sectional study, 409 adolescents which play Clash of Clans were recruited from high schools in Karaj and two questionnaires of online gaming addiction and motives for online gaming were completed. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling.
The results showed that seeking the flow experience and communication with others were the highest and lowest ranking in prediction of influencing online gaming addiction, respectively. The investigated model for the role of psychological motivations in online gaming addiction was confirmed and explained 0.77 of its variance.
The results of this study suggested that psychological motivations largely explained online gaming addiction among adolescents. Therefore, prevention efforts aimed at reducing online gaming addiction should compose of these factors. In fact, the results suggested that earlier prevention efforts may be warranted.

Couple burnout is one of the problems that is a main reason for emotional divorce because of its adverse and destructive effects on marital system and creating psycho-emotional distance in a couple, and this problem, if untreated, will prepare the grounds for formal divorce. The solution-focused brief therapy is a postmodern approach in couple therapy and family therapy which focuses on finding solutions by the client in cooperation with the therapist. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy in couple burnout and divorce tendency among married women. This research is a quasi-experimental study and pretest-posttest with control group design is used. The population consists of all married women with marital conflicts and problems who have visited Golha House of health, located in the 6th district of Tehran city in the second half of 2013. In this study, the sampling method was available sampling. Thus, 30 women who were qualified to participate in meetings and had earned the highest scores in the survey questionnaire were selected, and they were placed in experimental and control groups through random assignment (each n=15). The data gathering tools in this study were pains couple burnout measure (CBM) and the Divorce Tendency Scale of Roswelt, Jonson &, Moro (DTS) 1986, which were completed by the subjects in the pretest. The intervention group was exposed to solution-focused brief therapy for seven two-hour sessions in groups, in a step-by-step manner with the sequence of one session per week. But no intervention was performed in the control group. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics methods and through multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in software SPSS20. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant reduction in couple burnout and divorce tendency (P= 0.000) of married women after performing solution-focused brief therapy. The mean and standard devietion of couple burnout and divorce tendency of interference group in pretest respectively was 113/6 ± 20/04 and 126/53 ±31/12 and in post test stage was 94/6 ±21/69 and 102/26 ±22/15. In control group also mean and standard devietion of couple burnout and divorce tendency before interference respectively was108/53± 16/68 and 106/46 ± 27/21 and after interference was 106/93±28/16. According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that solution-focused brief therapy has been able to be effective in reducing couple burnout and divorce tendency among married women. Counselors and family therapists can use this short-term, efficient and effective therapy approach to solve marital conflicts and help people to improve their marital relationships.

Successful aging and life satisfaction accompanies with continued and high levels of hope in subsequent stages of life. This study examines the effect of reminiscence therapy on hope in elderly.
Material & It was a quasi-experimental study. A total of 24 elderly of Karaj city were randomly recruited among the elderly of Setayesh hospice and were voluntary assigned into experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. Reminiscence therapy was performed during eight sessions for the experimental group. Hope was assessed in the two groups before and immediately after intervention by Snyder questionnaire. Data was analyzed by independent and pair T test using SPSS-PC (v. 21).
There was a significant difference between experimental and control groups after intervention (P According to the findings it can be said that reminiscence therapy increases elderly hope. Therefore using this simple, practical and inexpensive technique in hospices is recommended.

Marital conflict is one of the common problems in couple relationship that has been the interest of counselors and family therapists since its devastating effects. This study has been done to examine the role of defensive style and emotional schemas in marital conflicts. This study was a correlational one. The population consisted of parents of children kept in kindergarten in the city of Ardabil in the years of 92-93. A total of 240 parents (120 couples) were selected in a random sampling and answered the questionnaires about marital conflict (Sanaei and Barati، 1375)، defensive styles (Andrews، shinee، and Bowen، 1993) and emotional schemas (Leahy، 2002). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and step to step regression. The results showed that the relationship of the marital conflict variables and mature and immature defensive styles and emotional schemas are statistically significant. There was just، neurotic defensive style variables of other variables which was not statistically significant. Also، the results showed that immature defensive style has greatest role in increasing marital conflict. According to our findings، there is a relation between defensive style and emotional schema with marital conflict and they predict it significantly. Therefore، it is necessary to examine insufficient defensive style and emotional schema to reduce marital conflict; thus، strategies are recommended to improve it.

In this paper, at first for a given set of real or complex numbers $sigma$ with nonnegative summation, we introduce some special conditions that with them there is no nonnegative tridiagonal matrix in which $sigma$ is its spectrum. In continue we present some conditions for existence such nonnegative tridiagonal matrices.

Adolescence is considered as an important phase for beginning high risk behaviors. The current study aims to investigate parental monitoring role and affiliation with deviant peers in risky driving among military families’ adolescents.
The design of the current study involves correlation using structural equation modeling. The population of the current study involves all male and female military families’ adolescents in which 457 were selected through cluster sampling. To collect the data, different scales such as Iran’s adolescent risk-taking scales, parental monitoring scales and affiliation with delinquent peers were used. The data were analyzed using correlation statistical indices, independent T and structural equation modeling through SPSS and LISREL.
The obtained results showed that parental monitoring through affiliation with delinquent peers had a significant effect on risky driving. The mediating model can explain 0.12 variance.
It’s highly influential to pay attention to the parental monitoring role in decreasing affiliation with delinquent peers as well as decreasing the risky driving by adolescents. Therefore, prevention efforts aimed at reducing risky driving should be composed of these factors.

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of schema therapy based on conjunctive Analogical Stories training in the treatment of with Dysthymic Disorder.
The pre-test, post-test, and single-test follow-up (PPF) scheme was used in this study, and, and 5 cases of dysthymic disordered PTSD veterans were treated using targeted-sampling method.
The data analysis revealed that schema therapy based on conjunctive Analogical Stories training led to significant reductions in symptoms and healing the early schemas. Moreover, there was no lessening of effectiveness with recovery rates in the follow-up study, two month after the treatment.
The large positive treatment effects found in the schema therapy based on conjunctive Analogical Stories suggest that this treatment is more successful in replacing maladaptive schemas with more healthy schemas, alleviating the severe symptoms of dysthymia, reduction of suffering a relapse and memory dificit in war related PTSD with dysthymic patients and achieving clinically significant and relevant improvement.