abbas maleki

Evaluating the effectiveness of various water and soil protection measures on soil properties and erosion and sedimentation is of great importance in soil planning and management. And it is considered to be one of the measures of moving towards sustainable development. Based on this, this research has evaluated the effects of water and soil protection measures in terms of erosion and sedimentation and soil characteristics in the Rimele watershed of Lorestan province.

EPM model was used to predict erosion before and after the implementation of water and soil protection measures. In order to investigate the characteristics of the soil, the apparent specific mass factors, soil texture, acidity, electrical conductivity and soil permeability were evaluated at two depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm.

The results of comparing the physical and chemical properties of soil in two areas under protection operation and the control area, showed that with water and soil protection measures, the apparent specific gravity, soil texture, acidity and electrical conductivity of surface soil did not increase significantly. The comparison of permeability data in control areas and protected areas showed that the implementation of water and soil protection operations had a positive effect on soil permeability. Also, the amount of total annual erosion and sedimentation in the current conditions compared to before the implementation of water and soil protection measures have decreased by an average of 6793 cubic meters and 5712 tons, respectively. The results of the paired t-test showed that the water and soil protection measures implemented in the Rimele basin have been able to create a significant difference in reducing erosion and sedimentation.

According to the findings of the research, it can be stated that water and soil protection measures have a significant positive effect in reducing erosion and sedimentation, but its effect on improving soil quality is not absolute and is completely dependent on the different climatic and geological conditions of each region.

Beans are known as an important plant in agriculture and are cultivated in many tropical and temperate regions. The presence of weeds reduces the performance of this valuable plant, which can be compensated by the use of herbicides, but excessive use of herbicides causes damage to the environment, which shows the need to identify the appropriate dose. Nitrogen fertilizer also increases the yield of beans and weeds. Therefore, the present study examines the mutual effect of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on the performance characteristics of broad beans and weeds in heavy and sandy soils of two regions of Dareh Shahr and Malekshahi during the crop year of 2020-2021 in Ilam province (Iran). The experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications. The first factor includes 5 levels of Treflan herbicide with EC 48% (no use, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 1 liter per hectare) and 5 levels of haloxyfop armetyl herbicide with EC 10.8% (no use, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 l.ha-1). The second factor included nitrogen fertilizer at 3 levels: 0, 50 kg.ha-1 and 100 kg/ha. The results of the average comparison showed that the highest seed yield was obtained in the treatment of 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the consumption of 0.9 liters per hectare of haloxyfop in the amount of 2506.3 kg per hectare, which is compared to the lowest amount in the treatment of no nitrogen consumption and no consumption. Herbicide increased by 68%. There was no significant difference between 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the use of 0.9 liters per hectare of haloxyfop with the treatment of 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the use of 1.5 or 2 liters per hectare of treflan. There was no significant difference between the superior treatment with the treatment of 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the consumption of 0.6 liters per hectare of haloxyfop. Also, at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer use, increasing the use of haloxyfop or treflan by 1.2 and 2 liters per hectare, respectively, caused a decrease in this index. Increasing consumption from 50 to 100 kg per hectare caused a decrease in grain yield, which was significant in some treatments. The highest wet weight of weeds was obtained in the treatment of maximum nitrogen fertilizer application and no use of haloxyfop in the amount of 283.7 grams per square meter, which is compared to the lowest value in the treatment of no nitrogen application and the use of 1.5 liters per hectare of Treflan. It increased about 1/4 times. Also, at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer use, increasing the use of haloxyfop or treflan up to 0.9 and 1.5 liters per hectare, respectively, caused a decrease in this index, but in the case of maximum herbicide use; Weed fresh weight decreased. Also, increasing the consumption from 0 to 100 kg per hectare increased the wet weight of weeds. In general, the results of this study showed that with the consumption of 50 kg of nitrogen, the yield can be produced almost equal to the consumption of 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Therefore, by reducing the consumption of nitrogen, the harmful environmental effects of this type of fertilizer are also reduced and help to maintain the sustainability of the environment. Also, with regard to the two herbicides, Treflan and Haloxyfop, it is possible to produce a good yield and reduce the weight and density of weeds by consuming 1.5 and 0.9 liters per hectare, respectively. Because there was no significant difference with the treatments of 2 and 1.2 liters per hectare of treflan and haloxyfop. On the other hand, this event also reduces the environmental risks of using herbicides.

The energy portfolio in Iran relies on natural gas and has less diversity in comparison of other countries. Given that natural gas is the main source of the country's energy, it is more sensitive to changes than other energy sectors, so it is necessary to create a common understanding of the future in order to effectively benefit from opportunities and confront threats. in areas Technological, geopolitical, economic, political, security, demographic Uncertainties and weak signals can sometimes create major changes in the future of Iran's gas industry, and in this regard achieving desirable future in these VUCA conditions requires scenario planning as one of the most important methods of futures Studies. Energy accessibility in a sustainable with and reliable manner is a driver of the country's development, So energy security is important and seems has a dynamic concept,so it is essential to evaluate impact of gas industry scenarios on ES. On the other hand, in an area of uncertainty, appropriate strategies will require consideration of Robustness. The methodology of this paper is applied type, qualitative approach and based on the narrative review method. Data collection was carried out through background research and library studies. In this article, research related to scenario planning in the Iran gas industry, energy security, and robust strategies is reviewed and the necessity of integrating them as a Futuristic, comprehensive, and practical framework is proposed, with the aim of reducing previous research gaps and improving applicability in practice

In this paper, the experimental setup of a blue - green laser suitable for Marine LIDAR applications is discussed, which is designed and fabricated based on the second, third and fourth harmonics of Nd:YAG laser. Today, bathymetry and detection of objects under the water surface with the help of LIDAR systems are needed in various research and military fields. To produce green-blue laser radiation, here a combination of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with an oscillator - amplifier structure along with nonlinear crystals KTP, DKDP and KDP is used to generate wavelengths of 532, 355 and 266 nm, respectively. With the pump pulse energy of 1.1 J, the maximum energy of 700, 220 and 65 mJ was obtained in the second, third and fourth harmonics of the Nd:YAG laser. The optical - to - optical conversion efficiency at wavelengths of 532, 355 and 266 nm is 64, 20 and 9%, respectively.

One of the benefits of agricultural research is the introduction of new and suitable plants for food production according to the agricultural conditions in the country. Quinoa consumption has become very common in countries around the world. On the other hand, climate change has made it necessary to pay attention to the planting date. In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological compatibility of quinoa in different cultivation dates under the influence of foliar application of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in February in the farm of Sarableh Research Center in Ilam province as a split-split plot In the framework of the basic design, randomized complete blocks with three replications were implemented. The main factor included the planting date on 3 dates: 4th February, 19th February and 4th March. The secondary factor included proline in 2 levels of non-consumption and consumption. The sub-factor included iron nanoparticles in four levels of non-consumption, consumption of 3.0 grams, consumption of 6.0 grams and consumption of 9.0 grams. Before statistical analysis and analysis of variance, the test of normal distribution of data and errors was performed using SAS software and also before the combined analysis of variance, the homogeneity test of variance of experimental errors (Bartlett test) was performed. Then, two-year data were analyzed using SAS software version 9, combined analysis, and mean comparison and graph plots were performed using Excel. Duncan test was used to compare means. The results showed that the interaction of iron nanoparticles and planting date on flowering branch height; The interaction effects of planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were significant. On the 4th March planting date, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles, the highest number of flowering branches was obtained with 31.4. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained on the 4th March planting date and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles in the amount of 5.87 g. In all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased the weight of 1000 seeds and the number of flowering branches. The highest amount of biological yield was obtained on the 4th March and the use of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption (5424.5 kg ha-1) and the lowest amount of biological yield was obtained on the 4th February without iron nanoparticles and no proline ( 3688 kg ha-1) was obtained. In all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased biological yield. The highest grain yield with a rate of 2238.1 kg ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption and also the lowest grain yield with a rate of 1858.7 kg  ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of no proline consumption and no consumption of iron nanoparticles. In all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased seed yield. In general, in all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased the number of flowering branches and 1000-seed weight as the main components of grain yield, which was followed by grain yield and harvest index. Also, in all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased plant height and on the other hand, due to the fact that plant height has a transient effect on biological yield, this treatment combination increased plant dry matter yield. According to the obtained results, the date of cultivation is 4th March, the use of proline and treatment of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles to achieve high grain production in the region under cultivation conditions is recommended to slightly increase the yield components.

The Persian Gulf region can be considered one of the important and sensitive environments where the foreign and security policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran operates. The emergence of the Zionist regime as a new player in the Persian Gulf has significantly influenced Iran's foreign policy through environmental security variables. With the increasing influence of the regime in the region, the economic, political, and security relations between the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the Zionist regime have remarkably developed. For instance, the UAE and Bahrain, as members of this council, have established diplomatic relations with the Zionist regime under the Abraham Accords. This development signifies a serious and growing challenge in Iran's national and transnational security environment. Therefore, the main question of this research is: What strategies has the Islamic Republic of Iran adopted in a neighborhood-based order in the Persian Gulf, focusing on the influence of the Zionist regime? In this context, utilizing the theoretical framework of regional orders, we aim to analyze Iran's foreign policy strategies in the Persian Gulf. This descriptive-conceptual research has been conducted using library methods to gather the necessary data. The findings indicate that Iran's foreign policy towards the influence of the Zionist regime in the Persian Gulf is based on signs of continuity in the regional strategic behavior pattern, employing strategies of hard balancing, alliances and coalitions, and active engagement in de-escalation with Arab states as the main mechanisms to counter the influence of the Zionist regime in the region.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments worldwide implemented crisis management strategies to reduce emissions from traffic sources. This study examines changes in air pollutant concentrations and traffic volume considered subsets of the environmental index of sustainable urban development—during the Covid-19 epidemic, comparing them with the pre-epidemic period from January 21, 2018, to March 20, 2022. The primary objective of this research is to compare pollutant concentrations during the epidemic with those of the pre-pandemic period and to develop a model for predicting the Air Quality Index (AQI) in Iran's metropolitan cities.First, collected pollutant data from Iran’s metropolises were processed and cleaned. Following feature selection using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, machine learning methods were applied to analyze the data. The results reveal that no consistent pattern of increase or decrease in pollutant concentrations was observed across all metropolitan cities during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. The effects of restrictions on pollutant concentrations varied significantly across different cities.To manage both the pandemic crisis and the associated air pollution crisis, which may exacerbate the spread of disease, it is essential to design traffic restriction models tailored to the specific conditions of each urban location. Additionally, the findings indicate that the Air Quality Index in most of Iran’s major cities did not decrease during the pandemic; in fact, it increased. Therefore, targeted and precise measures must be adopted to manage similar crises in the future. Such measures should aim to reduce pollutant concentrations and improve the air quality index, taking into account the geographical characteristics of each city.

"Since natural gas has the largest share in the country's energy mix and is considered the cleanest fossil fuel, its production, consumption, and management significantly impact the country's energy security. Due to its cleanliness, with renewable energies, it is also regarded as  important components in the transition to sustainable energy sources. Given that Iran has the second-largest natural gas reserves in the world and is geographically positioned among gas-producing countries in the Middle East and Central Asia, as well as gas-consuming countries in Asia and Europe, Iran has a high potential to become an energy hub in the region and play a key role in the regional and global natural gas market. Additionally, due to its high solar radiation potential, Iran has significant capabilities for generating electricity from this renewable and clean source. The aim of this research is to examine the challenges and opportunities of natural gas and solar energy and to provide strategies based on grey relational analysis to improve Iran's energy security. The analysis method of this research is based on grey relational analysis. The results indicate that electricity production and the export of energy carriers have the greatest impact on Iran's energy security."

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and zinc sulfate fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of forage maize under low irrigation stress, this experiment was conducted as a split-factorial randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Ilam province during the two crop years of 2019 and 2020 was implemented. Three levels of irrigation including full irrigation (control or 90% of field capacity), irrigation based on 75% of field capacity (25% soil moisture discharge) and irrigation based on 50% of field capacity (50% soil moisture discharge) in the main plots Done. Factorial wetting of three levels of nitrogen from urea source, including zero (control), 150 and 300 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer; and foliar application of zinc sulfate at 3 levels of 0, 2 and 4 per thousand as the second factor in random was randomized. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction of year deficit irrigation stress×foliar application of zinc sulfate and the interaction of year deficit irrigation stress×nitrogen on total fresh yield were significant. The interaction of year deficit irrigation stress, year. Nitrogen fertilizer, year and foliar application of zinc sulfate, low irrigation stress×foliar application of zinc sulfate and the interaction of low irrigation stress×nitrogen fertilizer on the concentration of digestible dry matter were significant. Wet forage yield in full irrigation and consumption of 150 kg urea per hectare was 77728 kg.ha-1. Wet forage yield was obtained in complete irrigation treatment and consumption of 4 per thousand zinc sulfate in the amount of 78163 kg.ha-1. At irrigation levels based on the presence of 75% and 50% of field capacity, consumption of 4 per thousand zinc sulfate increased this index, so that in the mentioned treatments wet yield was obtained at 67460 and 49855 kg.ha-1, respectively. Irrigation treatment based on 50% of field capacity, application of 300 kg of urea fertilizer and 2 per thousand zinc sulfate resulted in grain protein content of 8.6%. Due to the lack of significant differences between treatments 2 and 4 per thousand zinc sulfate in different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, so the use of 300 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare and 2 per thousand zinc sulfate has good performance and economic justification and as the superior compound was selected to counteract the harmful effects of dehydration.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments around the world have imposed severe traffic restrictions and presented different scenarios to reduce emissions from traffic sources. By applying the traffic restrictions caused by the Covid-19 epidemic, it was expected to see changes in the concentrations of air pollutants. Therefore, it was decided that the changes of air pollutants as one of the subsets of the environmental index of sustainable urban development during the covid-19 epidemic will be investigated. For this purpose, the aforementioned data are first collected in the four metropolitan cities: Tehran, Karaj, Ahvaz and Tabriz, and then processed and cleaned. After that, a proposed algorithm based on machine learning methods is presented. Machine learning methods decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, Bayesian network and perceptron neural network are applied to the selected features. Investigations showed that the prediction model using decision tree and random forest had the best performance for both recall and accuracy criteria. The research results showed that the effect of restrictions on the concentration of pollutants in different cities is different. Also, the results show that, in general, the application of traffic restrictions during the epidemic period did not have a significant and noticeable effect in reducing the concentration of air pollutants. Also, the studies showed that the application of traffic restrictions and consequently the possible reduction of some air pollutants are not related to the deaths caused by Covid-19.

Gully erosion is one of the most important and destructive forms of water erosion, and there are ambiguities regarding its initiation and development. The study aimed to identify the soil properties and other factors affecting gullies of South Nazar Abad in 2021. After the field survey, based on the Google Earth images, gullied area boundary draw, 32 gullies were selected, and their location was recorded with the GPS. A surface soil sample was taken from head cut wall of each gully and general analyses were done. The gullies watershed boundaries and morphological characteristics including area, perimeter, and slope were extracted from the DM obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. The general characteristics of the soil surface in the watershed of the gullies including canopy, bare soil, and residual percent were determined by 1 m x1 m plot. The gully length, width, and depth were measured and volumes were calculated. Modeling of factors affecting gullies was done using a multivariable linear regression model (step-by-step method) in MINITAB on 70% of observations. The relationship between the volume of gullies with gullies soil properties and watershed characteristics were investigated and a suitable gully development model (soil loss) was introduced. Also, in this research, 30% of the measured samples that were not used in the model construction were used for model validation. Percentage, RMSE, CRM, NSE, CD, MAE and drel statistics were used to determine model efficiency. Principal component analysis showed that EC, Na+, Cl-, K+, Erodibility, Mg++, canopy, bare soil, and SP characteristics had noticeable effect on gullies volume. Based on the results of the research and especially based on the Nash-Shutcliffe efficiency coefficient, no reliable model has been developed. Also, the presented model is valid based on the regression at the five percent significant level and according to the validation coefficients. The model with a correlation coefficient of 0.59 and four factors K+, bulk density, crop residues, and percent bare soil could explain 35% of the changes.Strengthening and restoring crop cover in the area is recommended.

This research presents the design and analysis of a solid-state laser tailing based on an Nd:YVO4 diode. Simulations predict a 43% optical-to-optical conversion efficiency, generating 25W of power at 1064nm with a 50W pumping power. Using LASCAD software, the analysis confirms the accuracy of the calculations for extractable power and laser intensifier stability. Additionally, COMSOL physical analysis software simulates the temperature of the laser crystal under optical pumping, indicating a maximum temperature increase of 300K at the crystal center. Our findings closely match the simulations conducted using Abaqus mechanical analysis software. The peak thermal stress, approximately 25 MPa, reaches only 50% of the Nd:YVO4 crystal's tolerable limit. This lies well within the safe operating range for optical pumping, ensuring the active material remains intact.

The world is facing major challenges such as climate change, floods, population growth and a variety of environmental stress. All of this can directly or indirectly affect agriculture. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses and a limiting factor in the successful production of plant products around the world and has adverse effects on the morphological and physiological activities of plants. Adaptation to the effects of drought stress is the result of changes in growth, physiological and biochemical mechanisms that cause changes in growth rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic process and enzymatic activities of plants. Drought stress disrupts photosynthesis in plants and gradually reduces carbon dioxide uptake due to closed pores. In addition, drought stress affects the stability of cell membranes and disrupts plant water relationships by reducing water use efficiency. Plants adopt different mechanisms to deal with these conditions. Proper management is very important to prevent the adverse effects of drought stress. Today, researchers are trying to reduce the effects of drought stress by spraying with hormones or hormone-like, growth-promoting bacteria, mycorrhizae, and resistant cultivars. In this paper, we investigate the effects of drought stress on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants. Also, some crop management methods have been proposed to overcome the destructive effects of drought stress.

According to the growing trend of the LNG markets in recent years, Iran can play an important role in the global LNG markets due to its significant reserves of Natural Gas, geopolitics and access to international waters. In this study, first global LNG markets and its future are studied. Then, the effective factors and driving forces on the future of LNG in Iran are determined by various studies. By using the Cross Impact Method (CIM) with the help of MICMAC software, the driving forces are analyzed, and the important driving forces in the future of LNG in Iran are determined. Finally, using ScenarioWizard, scenarios for the future of LNG in Iran are developed.
As a result, this study concludes the future of LNG in Iran, using the "Back to the boom", "An opening to hope", "Ambiguous fate" and "Decline neighborhood" scenarios. Finally, considering the above scenarios, the importance of LNG industry, and Iran's conditions in this area, recommendations will be provided in this regard.

Energy security has become intricately intertwined with state power, resulting in a complex web of interdependence among energy-producing and consuming countries. Any disruption in this network of interdependencies can have significant ripple effects on the international system. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 had a profound impact on the international system following the Cold War. Russia's substantial reserves of oil and gas have historically positioned it as the primary energy exporter to Europe, and the interconnected energy networks resulted in a significant level of interdependence. The main questions of this research are, considering the significance of energy in the dynamics between Russia and Europe, what has been the role of this prominent factor in the conflicts between Russia and Europe? And what changes did the consequences of the war in Ukraine create in the energy geopolitics of the international system? In this regard, this study seeks to find the correlation of energy in the Ukraine war within the framework of interdependence theories, and its findings indicate that energy, as a strong field of interdependence between Russia and Europe, for reasons such as ideological differences, long-standing distrust, and most importantly, the weaponized use of it by the parties not only failed to create a pluralistic security society but have also led to threatening perceptions. These perceptions have escalated to the point of war and have had an impact on international relations.

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tillage, organic fertilizers and mycorrhiza on quantitative traits and nutrient uptake in maize. The experiment was performed as a split plot with 4 replications in a randomized complete block design in August of the crop year 2017 and 2018 in Ivan city in Ilam province. Tillage at 3 levels (no tillage, tillage to a depth of 10 cm and tillage to a depth of 30 cm), organic fertilizer at 3 levels (no use, vermicompost 30 tons per hectare and bovine manure 30 tons per hectare) and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and it was by soil inoculation method (consumption and non-consumption). In a minimal tillage system, seed yield was 7053.2 kg ha-1, an increase of 21% compared to the least amount of tillage-free treatment. In the minimum tillage system and the consumption of cow manure, the highest grain yield was obtained in the amount of 8198.2 kg ha-1. The interaction of mycorrhizae and tillage on grain yield was significant. In the case of minimal tillage and mycorrhizae, the maximum grain yield was707.1 kg ha-1, which was significantly different from the treatment without tillage and deep in both mycorrhizal and non-amycorrhizal states. According to the results obtained in this study, it was found that soil application at least relative to the deep system has increased plant yield.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments around the world have imposed severe traffic restrictions and presented different scenarios to reduce emissions from traffic sources. By applying the traffic restrictions caused by the Covid-19 epidemic, it was expected to see changes in the concentrations of air pollutants. Therefore, it was decided that the changes of air pollutants as one of the subsets of the environmental index of sustainable urban development during the covid-19 epidemic will be investigated. For this purpose, the aforementioned data are first collected in the four metropolitan cities: Tehran, Karaj, Ahvaz and Tabriz, and then processed and cleaned. After that, a proposed algorithm based on machine learning methods is presented. Machine learning methods decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, Bayesian network and perceptron neural network are applied to the selected features. Investigations showed that the prediction model using decision tree and random forest had the best performance for both recall and accuracy criteria. The research results showed that the effect of restrictions on the concentration of pollutants in different cities is different. Also, the results show that, in general, the application of traffic restrictions during the epidemic period did not have a significant and noticeable effect in reducing the concentration of air pollutants. Also, by comparing the change in air quality index with the death rate during the epidemic period, it was found that there is no relationship between them.

By applying the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, it seems that changes in the concentrations of pollutants CO, O3, NO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10 and AQI can be seen in the periods before and after the epidemic. Therefore, the changes of air pollutants and traffic restrictions are investigated as one of the sub-categories of environmental indicators of sustainable urban development in the period of 2018/01/21 to 2022/03/20 in the stations under the supervision of Tehran city. First, the data is collected, processed and cleaned. Machine learning methods including decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, Bayesian network and perceptron neural network are applied to select the effective features using the particle swarm optimization method. Investigations showed that the prediction model using decision tree and random forest had the best performance for both precision and recall criteria. The results of the research showed that the concentration of pollutants in the period of Covid-19 compared to before, is increased in some stations and decreased in others, and also the application of traffic restrictions during the epidemic did not have a significant and noticeable effect in reducing the concentration of air pollutants. Also, by examining the trend of deaths during the epidemic period, it was found that the decrease or increase of pollutants has no significant relationship with the trend of deaths caused by Covid-19.

This paper uses the system dynamics approach to model the changes in oil price prospects in the framework of the shared socio-economic pathways (SSP) climate scenarios proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) until 2100. This theoretical structure connects the primary feedback mechanisms: supply, demand, and price. The determining factors of most tremendous significance in the supply sector are the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and non-OPEC production levels. The production targets set by OPEC are indicative of its market management policies and are significantly influenced by the actions of its key members. The oil price indicates a cyclical relationship with the oil supply of significant players. The determination of global oil demand in the demand section is based on various climate scenarios presented in the IPCC report. The fluctuation of Brent oil prices over time can be linked to the disparity between supply and demand. According to the model outcomes, the price of oil will be projected to decline to $20 per barrel by the year 2100 if the sustainability policies outlined in the SSP1 framework are implemented. However, in the alternative scenarios of SSP3, characterized by regional competition, and SSP4, characterized by heightened inequality and competition, oil prices are anticipated to rise to $100 per barrel. In the context of the SSP5 scenario, which posits a path of economic and social development reliant on the consumption of fossil fuels, the price of oil displays a declining pattern after a period of relatively higher prices. The peak oil prices within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios exhibit significant variation based on their Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs).</span>

Humic acid can improve water absorption by plants by improving soil structure and water retention in soil. These characteristics have caused the use of humic acid in the soils of dry areas to be considered. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of humic acid and deficit irrigation on soil physical and biological properties under the cultivation of bell pepper. A factorial-based experiment in a randomized complete design was carried out with three levels of humic-acid (0 (HA0), 2 (HA20), and 4 (HA40) g per pot) and four irrigation levels (60 (L60), 80 (L80), 100 (L100), 120 (L120), (percent of soil moisture depletion) with three replications in the research greenhouse of Payam Noor Bojnourd University. The results showed that the best treatments for improving soil physical properties, AS (aggregate stability), and decreasing PAD (percentage of aggregate destruction)), were L80HA40, L100HA40, and L120HA40 treatments. Also, by increasing the dose of HA and increasing the irrigation level up to L80, the activity of urease, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase enzymes increased and then decreased in L100 and L120.Therefor the highest amount of urease, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase enzymes (μg NH4+-N g-1 dry soil 2h-1) 678.98, 845.54 671.30 (μg PNP g−1 dry soil h -) were observed in L80L40, which were to be 4.6, 5.9, 2.8 and 0.6 times more than L60HA0 treatment, respectively. By increasing the amount of humic acid and increasing the irrigation levels up to L100, respiration rates increased and then decreased at L120, however, microbial activity followed by respiration at L80 and L100 were not significantly different.

Diplomacy is a peaceful solution to achieve the goals and national interests of countries at the lowest possible cost, and if the principles of its use are well observed, it will achieve to the goals. nowadays, the use of cyberspace in the field of diplomacy has been considered by different countries. current study was conducted with the aim to identify the components of public-defense diplomacy of the I.R.I with an emphasis on the cyberspace in both formal and informal areas and by asking the question, what are the official and informal factors influencing the components of the public-defense diplomacy of the I.R.I with an emphasis on the cyberspace? The statistical population includes Experts who are knowledgeable about diplomacy and cyberspace issues, who are aristocracy in the defense field. This research is of applied type and has been collected in a field method through questionnaires, library documents and Internet sites. The results show that in the field of formal diplomacy to hold online defense courses, strengthen defense diplomacy and convince neighboring and rival countries from the context of cyberspace have the most effective and in the field of informal diplomacy, the dissemination of defense information by observing the principles of protection in order to deterrence, the broadcasting of defense programs on the official website of the Ministry of Defense and the critique of defense and military policies of neighboring countries and the regions, from the perspective of the statistical community in this research, have a higher priority.

Political decisions and actions at the international level are formed by complex psychological mechanisms, perceptions, and misconceptions. It makes difficult to predict the outcome of political and social interactions. In International Relations (IR) and political psychology, the security dilemma, or the spiral model, which was first seriously presented by Robert Jervis, states government's actions to increase its security can lead to the adoption of security measures by creating a misperception as a threat in another government. Such an action-reaction cycle can cause tensions, escalation, and the emergence of numerous conflicts between the parties. The role of energy as one of the main drivers of socio-economic affairs, its interrelationships with countries' national security and geopolitical issues push governments pay special attention to energy security as one of their various forms of security. This research seeks to investigate the relationship between the area of energy security and the security dilemma, especially with regard to the regulators of the security dilemma from Jervis' perspective (physical-material factors and psychological-perceptual factors). In line with the physical-material factors of the security dilemma, we examine the role of energy and energy systems where they are exposed to security threats or are themselves the cause of insecurity. Also, in psychological-perceptual factors, the potential of energy security to generate misperceptions and their diverse origins is explored. A brief case study of the Russo-Ukraine war has also been examined in this regard. Finally, by conceptualizing the "Spiral Energy Security Dilemma", the domains of cooperation in the shadow of the security dilemma and the challenges of energy security are analyzed.

The Russia-Ukraine war in February 2022 caused changes in the international system and blackened the balance of power prospects, especially in a region like Central Asia where Russia has a strong role and influence. Factors such as Russia's military conflict in Ukraine, and this country's focus on its ability to disrupt equations in its favor, which subsequently causes changes in its national and foreign policies, open paths for new questions. Such as whether the war in Ukraine and its consequences have caused Russia's role to diminish, or we can even say Russia's hegemony (especially from a security point of view) in Central Asia? In this case, is China, another influential and powerful actor in the region, going to fill the vacuum of Russian influence? Or will the countries of the region take advantage of the opportunity this time and highlight other regional actors such as India, Turkey, Iran, or trans regional actors such as the European Union in their foreign policy? In order to answer these questions, this research has tried to investigate the variables of China and Russia's sources of power and influence in Central Asia, and their changes after the Ukraine war. After evaluating the prospects of challenges and the opportunities created by this war for the influence of China and Russia in this region will provide scenarios for the future situation in Central Asia and the influential actors in the region.

The Effect of Foliar Application of Iron and Proline Nanoparticles on Biochemical, Physiological and Agronomic Traits of Quinoa Plant in Different Cultivation Dates
 
Rahmat Salehi1, Abbas Maleki*1, Mohammad Mirzaei Heydari2, Alireza Rangin1, Amir Mirzaei3
1- Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad
 
2- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3- Agricultural and horticultural sciences research department, Ilam Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Ilam, Iran.
 
 
*Corresponding email address: maleki97@yahoo.com
 
Received: 20 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  2 June  2022
 
 
 
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological adaptation of quinoa plant, cultivation in different dates under the effect of foliar spraying of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2019 and 2020 in February in Ilam province, Sarableh city in the research center farm located in the north East of Ilam city was implemented in the form of a split-split plot (plots chopped twice) in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor, including the planting date, was done in three levels: February4th, February 19th and March 4th. The secondary factor includes iron nanoparticles in four levels including control or non-consumption, 0/3, 0/6 and 0/9 grams per liter of water were added to the volume. The third factor included proline in two levels: 100 mg per liter consumption and Non-use (witness) which were placed in sub-sub plots. The results showed that the main effects including  year, planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on all traits, plant height, number of flowering branches, height of the main flowering branch, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield and harvesting index were meaningful. Due to the difference in temperature and humidity conditions, most traits were affected. So that the maximum weight of 1000 seeds was obtained with the amount of 6.05 grams in the triple treatment of planting date in iron nanoparticles and proline consumption on the March 4th planting date and 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption. Also, the lowest weight of 1,000 seeds related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained with 1.73 grams. The highest yield was obtained on the date of the third crop on the March 4th and the treatment of 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and the consumption of proline with the amount of 2948.17 kilograms per hectare. The lowest yield related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained 14556.17 kg/ha. According to the obtained results, the best yield was obtained on the March 4th and the use of proline and the treatment of 0/9 grams of iron nanoparticles were obtained, which is recommended to achieve high grain production in the cultivation conditions of the region.
Keywords: Planting date, Iron nanoparticles, Proline, Antioxidant enzymes and performance components
University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran.
2- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3- Agricultural and horticultural sciences research department, Ilam Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Ilam, Iran.
 
 
*Corresponding email address: maleki97@yahoo.com
 
Received: 20 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  2 June  2022
 
 
 
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological adaptation of quinoa plant, cultivation in different dates under the effect of foliar spraying of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2019 and 2020 in February in Ilam province, Sarableh city in the research center farm located in the north East of Ilam city was implemented in the form of a split-split plot (plots chopped twice) in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor, including the planting date, was done in three levels: February4th, February 19th and March 4th. The secondary factor includes iron nanoparticles in four levels including control or non-consumption, 0/3, 0/6 and 0/9 grams per liter of water were added to the volume. The third factor included proline in two levels: 100 mg per liter consumption and Non-use (witness) which were placed in sub-sub plots. The results showed that the main effects including  year, planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on all traits, plant height, number of flowering branches, height of the main flowering branch, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield and harvesting index were meaningful. Due to the difference in temperature and humidity conditions, most traits were affected. So that the maximum weight of 1000 seeds was obtained with the amount of 6.05 grams in the triple treatment of planting date in iron nanoparticles and proline consumption on the March 4th planting date and 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption. Also, the lowest weight of 1,000 seeds related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained with 1.73 grams. The highest yield was obtained on the date of the third crop on the March 4th and the treatment of 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and the consumption of proline with the amount of 2948.17 kilograms per hectare. The lowest yield related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained 14556.17 kg/ha. According to the obtained results, the best yield was obtained on the March 4th and the use of proline and the treatment of 0/9 grams of iron nanoparticles were obtained, which is recommended to achieve high grain production in the cultivation conditions of the region.

Media in the era of network communication as a tool and platform for transmitting sound and image is the most important indicator of civilization in the current era. The speed of paradigm changes and successive developments in the world depict new scenarios for the future. In these scenarios, the boldest roles are given to the media. Today, many institutions are trying to create a sense of security in the society. The National Media Institution is one of these institutions. The national media is effective in weakening the security foundations; It can also be effective in creating and consolidating it. This media can act by removing the storm of feeling of insecurity from the mental space of people and society in such a way that while reflecting the realities, it refrains from exaggerating anomalies and shortcomings and plays a role in promoting the feeling of military security.The purpose of this article is to explain the role of the national media in promoting the sense of military security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, after carrying out library studies, a questionnaire was distributed, then the collected information was analyzed using Spss software, and the results of the research hypothesis of "national media with expert human resources, systems and equipment" technological and up-to-date and production of quality and effective programs plays a role in improving the sense of military security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.