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Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common and costly occupational injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders represent a significant occupational problem among nurses. The aim of current study was to determine behavioral factors related to musculoskeletal disorders among nurses by using the theory of planned behavior. A cross-sectional study was carried out among nurses in hospitals of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2011. A total number of 264 registered nurses with working experience at least one year, and different shifts were included in the study. A reliable and valid questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior and Nordic was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS for windows V.16 Independent t-test, chi-square, Mann - Whitney and Pearson correlation tests were used for testing the correlations among variables. The study showed that 47.5% of nurses in the past 12 months and 36.2% during the past 7 days have suffered from musculoskeletal disorders. The most work-related disorders were in the low back and neck. Also statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores of the constructs of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention in nurses with and without musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorder rate still is high in nurses and attention and action is needed to improve nurses’ health. Theory of planned behavior is effective at identifying behavioral and attitudinal factors related to the correct ergonomic principles in the through working position.

Tourism has recently been introduced and recognized as one of the strategies for rural development and poverty reduction especially in developing countries and been implemented and proved successful in some areas. Tourism development in rural areas is seen as an agent both for rural economic regeneration and as a way of contributing to cultural and environmental conservation. These researchers contend that tourism has many advantages over other economic sectors, making it an effective tool for poverty alleviation. These advantages include: providing opportunities for linkages with other local industries and livelihood activities, thus increasing the scope of local participation, being able to build upon a wide resource base especially on natural and cultural capital which are assets to the poor despite the few export and diversification options usually they access to, being labor intensive and small scale and opportunities to employ women and addressing gender inequality. Given this comparative advantage, it is recommended that the poverty agenda be incorporated more explicitly into national tourism plans and strategies to enhance the participation and opportunities for the poor (WTO, 2002). However, the existing tourism literature stream, has recently been criticized for its lack of focus on rural livelihoods and poverty reduction and being too focused on tourism development specifically, with some contending that this deficiency can be addressed using a Sustainable Livelihood Approach (Ashley, Roe and Goodwin 2001;UNWTO, 2004b(. In the 1980s, the SLA was introduced as a new approach to poverty reduction and rural development. MethodologyThis research is descriptive-analytical in nature and uses a case study method to investigate the impacts of tourism on rural development of the village of Baraghan in Savojbolagh county of Tehran province. Time frame of the research has been between 23 November 2009 and 20 august 2010. Data were collected comes from different sources i.e. questionnaire-based household survey, interviews, secondary data and observations. To conduct this survey, questionnaires have been given out among 64 rural families have been chosen via random sampling method among the whole 202 village households in 2010. Semi structured interviews have also been carried out with 15 individuals in order to obtain their more detailed perspectives and experiences with tourism in the village and associated changes, complementing the information acquired from household survey. The research employed an indicator approach to examine the tourism status of the village and the application of sustainable livelihood approach in this context. The main way of developing indicators has been a top-down approach, developing indicators from literature and by experts. The indicators selected under the guideline of the sustainable livelihoods for tourism approach developed (SLFT) by Shen, constituted of 6 main components namely tourism context, livelihood strategies/activities, livelihood assets, institutional arrangements, vulnerability contexts and livelihood outcomes. Indicators under each component were then slightly refined to better reflect the actual situation of the case (table 1). Indicators developed are merely tools to facilitate an understanding of how tourism works in the village. The data pertaining to the first five components of SLFT framework were collected via interviews, secondary data and observations. Data related to the 6th component, i.e. livelihood outcomes, were obtained via household survey questionnaire given out randomly among rural residents. These data (pertaining to livelihood outcomes) also reflect sustainability status of Baraghan's tourism development.Research FindingsTourism context of Baraghan: the main visitors of the village are those who are indigenously from Baraghan, but who have immigrated to larger cities like Tehran and Karaj, coming back to the village for spring and summer which are considered tourist seasons of the village. Of over 500 dwelling houses in the village, about a half is considered second houses i.e. population nearly doubles during these seasons. Most visitors come from the cities of Tehran, Karaj, Hashtgerd, Nazaraabd, Chalous, Noshahr and most of them are daily tourists of second house owners. According to the local statistics of the village, during tourist seasons, on average, 20-30 thousand tourists are visiting the village weekly. Findings show that tourism has a diverse range of positive and negative impacts on different local livelihood assets and activities of the village. The summary of some of these impacts have been demonstrated in table 2. It appears that tourism development has brought in changes to other local livelihood activities, thus its (mainly complementary) impacts on other local activities are accepted. For example, one of the outcomes of tourism development is the drastic increase in commodity prices, especially land prices leading to unrestrained land trade which, unless being controlled properly, could lead to a real trouble for the village livelihoods. Livelihood outcomes were evaluated through 26 quantitative attitudinal statements drawn from the literature and asked via household questionnaire. Questions were categorized under 4 main sustainability aspects namely economic (8 questions), social (8 questions), environmental (5 questions) and institutional aspects (4 questions) with one question asking about overall satisfaction with rural tourism development. Responses were measured using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). ConclusionTo sum up, the research illustrates the need for adopting a newer holistic and systematic approach like sustainable livelihood approach toward evaluation of the role of tourism in overall rural development, allowing to address issues and impacts like assets, other activities, institutional arrangement, vulnerability contexts which usually remain unaccounted in existing traditional tourist's assessment literature. Findings from the case study indicate, despite pretty good number of tourism visiting the village during the year, due to limited tourist facilities and service businesses and institutions and lack of a systematic planning and policy making to optimum exploitation of rural tourism potentials and local participation, tourism in Baraghan village benefits only a small group of people by providing a market for some local products, and has made a limited and small contribution to rural sustainable livelihoods and development, especially to poor population not having access to capital for initiating a business. Non-community-based approach and not having been accounting rural tourism setting and market, improper existing laws and regulations and lack of an integrated marketing plan and spatial zoning are among other reasons for Baraghan's tourism's inefficiency. Nonetheless, based on the residents’ overall approval of tourism development in the village, through appropriate tourism planning and policy-making in agreement with local situation, proper implementation of policies, and creating more economic and non-economic linkages between tourism and community, it is possible to improve the role that tourism plays in rural economic diversification being complementary to other livelihood activities and enhancing rural sustainable development and natural-cultural conservation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of restriction sleep treatment on the quality of sleep in the elders.

The study was a quasi-experimental research. The studypopulation consisted of 5000 elders who were members of jahandidegan center ofShiraz. Sample included 50 elder’s who were selected according to inclusion andexclusion criteria. Following 25% attrition 38 elders (24 female, 14 male) withaverage of 65 years old with primary insomnia and poor quality of sleep wereassessed with Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI). The participants were allocatedby permuted randomized block into two groups of experimental (n=19) and control(n=19). Four weeks of sleep restriction treatment was implemented to experimentalgroup with sleep treatment package. Data were analysed using spss-16 softwarethrough chi-square, kolmogorov Smirnoff, mannwitney, independent statistical ttestand pair t test.

The mean of quality of sleep before intervention in experimental group was 14.21 and in control group was 13. after intervention the mean of quality of sleep inexperimental group was 11.26 and in control group was 12.78. The differencebetween 2 groups was significant in 95% level.

This study indicated that Restriction sleep treatment can improvequality of sleep among elders. So It is recommended that this intervention could beeducated as a continue education program for all health care providers especially fornurses who work in elderly centers.

Trichomoniasis is considered a common inter-sexual disease caused by trichomonas vaginalis parasite all over the world. Thus, considering the increasing reports of its spread as well as its resistance to metronidazole, it seemed necessary to find a possible herbal drug for the case. Accordingly, An In vitro investigation was carried out to determine the anti trichomonas vaginalis activity of essential oil of Lavandula angyustifolia which is commonly used in traditional medicine. Parasite collection was accomplished by obtaining contaminated soap of vagina from trichomonal women as well as cultivating the Trichomonas Modified CPLM Medium Base(TMCPLM). Identification was done through direct smear. Essential oil was prepared by hydro-distillation; then, the parasites were added to the 10 test-tubes containing TMCPLM, metronidazole, dimetyl solfoxide(DMSO), and essential oil with concentration of (0.1,0.01,0.001) to determine the effects of these concentrations in 15 min. interval times for 6 hours. Findings suggested that Trichomonas vaginalis could remain alive in Trichomona Modified CPLM Medium Base for 48 hours, in presence of metronidazole for 2 hours and TMCPLM for 5 hours. Also, the results indicated that essential oils at concentration of 0.1 and 0.01 were effective at the beginning of inoculation as well as at the concentration of 0.001 hours respectively. The investing authors suggest, further investigations to be carried out to check a more exact effect of anti- trichomonas vaginalis activity of Lavandula angyustifolia essential oil under In vivo condition to recommend it as a therapeutic medicine, if positive results proved.