فهرست مطالب aliyeh kord

The aim of this research is to analyze total reduplication of verbs in Persian. Reduplication in Persian is divided into total and partial reduplication. One kind of total reduplication is the repetition of the word made by be + present verb root. The base word can be an adjective, a noun or an adverb. When these words are reduplicated, they will make new words that are different from base in form, meaning or usage or all of them. So, they can be regarded as constructions that in comparison to the base have a different pair of form and meaning. What we mean by construction is construction in the sense suggested in Construction Grammar and Construction Morphology of Booij (2010). Two questions of the research are: 1- How can we call these kinds of reduplication a construction? 2- Are there any common characteristics among them to have a schema for them? The data is gathered from Persian Linguistics Database of Mostafa Aasi, Soxan Dictionary (2002), Persian texts and conversations by people. The method of the research is descriptive- analytic.

Although it is believed that language is the sheer truth (Cook, 2003), this fact should not be ignored that language specifically the socio-political discourse is sometimes used to conceal the truth and conveys the purport the way that affects people and persuade them to accept the untruth. The translator who is responsible for transferring the content that in turn, includes meta-language elements such as culture, history, politics, authority, and different ideologies from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) and by manipulating and altering the linguistic forms of source language, he affects the readers' schools of thoughts and feelings and finally lead them to a certain ideology (Mason, 2010; Penycook, 2004). therefore, it can be said that in a translation process, the translator can convey the source of language's content to the target language the way he likes by applying diverse strategies and techniques, consciously or unconsciously (Schäffner, 2007, 2009).

As far as the way a socio-political translator’s choice of any of the linguistic forms considerably influences the reader’s mind, the research aims to augment the precision of translations done by students of English translation from different social classes, to improve people's critical thinking, to find and analyze manipulative syntactic structures of socio-political texts, and to express translators’ ideology or the dominant ideology of their society.
The framework of this paper is based on critical discourse analysis and socio-cognitive Van Dijk’s approach (2004). His analytical method, suggest two levels of analysis: macro level and micro level. Macro-level is related to the analysis of meta-linguistic elements such as ideology. For investigating this level in this study, “ideological square” defined by Van Dijk (2004) will be used. The concept of this square based on polarization, designate the following dimensions:
Emphasizing our positive actions or properties
Mitigating their positive properties and actions
Emphasizing their negative properties and actions
Mitigating our negative properties and actions
Microstructure as another level is related to the analysis of the text in terms of linguistic forms. This research focuses on all syntactic strategies which might be applied by translators’ in order to represent their ideologies.

Among approximately 600 texts collected from different written English socio-political content that were translated to Persian language and were limited to national, international or regional issues related to subjects about Iran, 250 utterances were selected for analyzing. These excerpts had the most obvious syntactic manipulation done by Persian translators. They were taken from written news, interviews, resolutions and the like from different sources such as websites, press, and magazines. Searching all syntactic strategies and manipulations, the Persian translators’ ideology were then challenged within CDA framework and Van Dijk’s theoretical pattern (2004). After that, Van Dijk’s ideological square was used to analyze how Our and Their actions and properties were polarized and how they were reflected in translation were examined. In the end, the frequency of the applied syntactic strategies was calculated.

In this part of the research according to Van Dijk’s theoretical pattern (2004), the frequency and percentage of each syntactic manipulations including eight strategies (word order, passivization, topicalization, nominalization, addition, deletion, modality and tense shift) which were used to manipulate the syntactic structures of English (ST) in order to convey Persian translator’s dominant or intended ideology, are excluded and analyzed.


The conclusions show that the syntactic strategies and manipulations do have a salient role in representing Persian translators’ ideologies in English written translated socio-political texts through the polarization of us and them. In other words, the effectiveness of syntax, manipulations, and changes made on syntactic structures and the Van Dijk’s theoretical pattern (2004) syntactic strategies could considerably echo the Persian translators’ ideologies in translated socio-political English discourses. Hence, studying these analyses clearly demonstrates that the major strategies or strategies used for emphasizing and mitigating actions in the content that Van Dijk explained in his ideological square has been significantly effective in justifying syntactic changes and the manipulations done by Persian translators. Also, comparing syntactic frequencies showed that the findings of the mostly applied strategies such as deletion and addition represent that among all such strategies, Persian translators pick the clearest and most direct way to express intended ideologies and hitherto, they have been trying to affect the meaning and the ideology of the target language indirectly. As far as the current research chose to study syntax among different discourse terms, studying other terms can show a more comprehensible picture of changes that represent the efforts translators have made to demonstrate beliefs, principles, personal and social culture through words, structures, and ideological meanings.

The present paper investigates the phonological alternations of high round back vowel /u/ in Language varieties of Isfahan Province in comparison to standard Persian. The data were gathered through a ten-hour interview with ten 30 to 60 year-old informants. This research is conducted in descriptive-analytic method in Generative Phonology framework. The outcome of the present paper was the phonological rule of changing of high round back vowel /u/ into high front [i], while a coronal consonant comes adjacent to the vowel. This paper indicates that only under six conditions this rule would not be applicable, which are as follows: 1.When “Blocking” prevents the formation of the new word: /ruz/ 2. Round back vowel /u/ is changed into front [y]:/dud/ .3. /u/ is the phonetic representation of low back /a/ preceding a nasal consonant:[Tehrun].4./u/ precedes consonant cluster: /dust/.5. Loan words:/mahsul/.6.local words: [tsuri],[xɑrsu].

The rhythm resulted from the combination and established order of consonants and vowels in each word, verse and chapter (surah) of the Holly Qur'an, is an expression of the literary miracle of this divine book. Among different factors which shape this sense of rhythm, phonological harmony and parallelism of Quranic verse-final pauses (fawāṣil), play an outstanding role. The present research aims to investigate the phonological patterns of last phoneme in Quranic verse-final pauses (fawāṣil) based on Arabic phonemic inventories, in order to find is there a model for this phonological parallelism and if yes, how we can use it to distinguish between Makki and Madani surahs.The data are collected from The Quranic Arabic Corpus of Leeds University by using text data mining method. The discussion concludes that the clusters which consist of all last final phonemes of fawāṣil of each surah, don't express a unique pattern for phonological parallelism. However, binary clusters that include last phonemes of first and final verses' fawāṣil of each surah show peculiar character in regard to the place and manner of articulation of their members which can be used as a criteria to distinguish between Makki and Madani surahs.

Issues concerning syllable structure, as well as the arrangement and configuration of the phonological units inside a syllable or out of it (i.e. the border of two syllables), are basically discussed within the domain of phonology. This article tries to shed a new light on the issue of syllable structure and phonotactics, on the basis of data from Persian Language. Given the fact that the structure of syllable in Persian is (C)V(C)(C), the present article tries to show if there is any difference between the phonotactics of an individual syllable with that of the same syllable when combined with other syllables, and also tries to find out if there is a significant relationship between the phonotactics of words and their parts of speech. In order to do so, 4075 bisyllabic words with the syllable structure (C)V.CVC(C) were collected from two Persian dictionaries were collected, and were tagged in terms of their types as well as their parts of speech; and the phonotactics of each were determined. The results of this research show reveal that several factors such as the type of syllable nucleus and the coda of the syllable may turn out to be effective on the phonotactics of the adjacent syllable. Also, there seems to be a specific relationship between the syllabic structures of the words with their types and parts of speech.

In this paper، past stem of a number of Persian verbs which seem to be irregular have been investigated in OT theory based on Persian phonotactics. The research questions include: 1) How Persian phonotactics rules are applied to analyze past stems'' segment sequences? 2) What phonological processes are applicable to preserve Persian phonotactics patterns after adding past morpheme? To answer these questions، 36 verbs which their final syllables are heavy (cv: cc) are taken into consideration according to syllable structure and phonotactics. In sum، the findings demonstrated that: a) these cases are completely regular and entirely consistent with the Persian phonotactic rules; b)there is a close relation between the nucleus of thec v: cc syllables and their final cluster; c) initial and final consonants play an indispensable role in cv: cc syllable and d)these stems obey sound sonority principle (SSP).

The aim of this article is to study the phonological processes of Bala-Gueriveh Luri in Khoram Abad (Lurestan, Iran) and to compare these processes with those of Standard Persian. The data were collected through a four-hour interview with four Lur informants. Furthermore, one of the authors is a native speaker of this dialect. The data were transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet and analyzed descriptively. The phonological processes studied here are: consonantal processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, neutralization, lenition, elision and metathesis. In this dialect, lenition and elision are more active than other processes.

Although linguists have been studying the “News” as a type of text for a long period of time, the researches have been mainly of the product-oriented types, which purely analyze the news texts and their linguistic characteristics. Linguists and media researchers have been mainly keen to determine sets of criteria known as “News Values” so far, and the result is various lists of media and linguistic news selection norms. The goal of this article is finding answer for the following questions: How news production process can be orchestrated in a linguistic model? What are the linguistic news values? and How these linguistic values correlate with other selection criteria? In addition to revisiting the theoretical notion of “News Values” and introducing the “Grice Maxims” as the linguistic criteria of news composition, this paper, as a descriptive analytical study based on field work, also represents the multi-level model of news composition and selection based on linguistically oriented findings. The mentioned model not only determines and explains different levels of news composition and selection process from the event to the news, but also puts the role of macro-structural elements of news discourse production such as ideology, relations of power and composition in the center of attention.

Derivation is a process in which adding a derivational affix leads to formation of a new word. This process has been studied by linguists for many years and mainly seen as a morphologic or morphosyntactic process. Productivity of a derivational affix (the number of new words formed by a derivational affix) is a prominent factor while considering the derivation process. Phonological and morphophonemic factors may also play role in the ratio of the productivity of an affix. This paper studies the impact of syllable structure on the productivity of verbal derivational suffixes in Persian language. The results showed that there is a close relation between the syllable structure and the productivity of the verbal suffix derivational suffixes in Persian, all of them have a vowel in their initial syllable position. As a result, we can conclude that initiation with a vowel can be considered as a productivity factor of a derivational suffix in Persian. The study of the nucleus of the syllables also showed that the two front vowels of [a, e] are the most frequent vowels of these suffixes as nucleus. Consequently, it is concluded that phonological factors, especially syllable structure of a derivational suffix, play an indispensable role in its productivity.