dr mohammad reza bemanian

In traditional Persian Art, everything is esoteric. It means that any semblance used to refer to an abstaract meaning in a higher realm. Recognition the ideology affecting the arts is necessary to understand the language of Persian Art. The aim of this study is to investigate the structure and language of expression trees, due to the long history of symbolic role of trees in art. In this regard, symbolic role of Cypress tree in Persian garden and painting as the most credible examples of creating imaginal world, is emphasised. In fact the research is about symbolic and imaginary role of trees in enviromental design.
Based on the above, the main purpose of the present research is to determine whether the symbolic botanic elements (e.g. the cypress tree) used in landscaping can truly create a visionary image in the viewer’s mind. The historical and comparative methodology was used to study the history of alluding to cypress tree in Iranian art forms and comparing the different ways this tree had been symbolized in Iranian gardens and paintings. Considering the extensive research about tree motifs, This paper tries to establish a relationship between Illustration and Landscape design, by the new approach. The required information was collected by using library documents and visiting different Iranian gardens. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively, and the various characteristics of the cypress trees used in the visited gardens were tabulated for comparison. The results showed that the various forms of the cypress tree in nature indeed invoked different meanings in the human mind and that Iranian artists have, by carefully examining these effects, used this tree symbolically in their imagery to convey the intended meanings to the viewer.Cypress has a special visual characteristics and its impact on the viewer is a significant cause of mental schemas. Repeat these designs makes keeping in mind the specific meaning and form to create the symbol.As cypress in Iranian mentality has become a symbol of immortality, sustainability and ...

span style="font-family:;" roman";="" new="" "times="" 13pt;="" garamond","serif";="" roman";"="">Functions in landscape design include values in design and management process to satisfy moral and environmental needs that current attitudes see that as open space design by natural and man-made elements, while the basic intellectual layers related to human as the principles of environmental design have been forgotten. Human urban knowledge seeks to meet in health, biological, psychological, social and cultural human needs that landscape design also utilizes each of these cases, according to the plan will be considered. The result is moral landscape design is defined as the given Social and moral values in relationship between human and environment and the psychological functioning along environmental issues and performance are discussed. In this process human and environmental functions according to management priorities must be defined, and then the starting point is determined by the planning, that ethical and environmental values, and the executive would not be affected by technical issues.

Security has always been one of the most basic needs of human and improves social interactions, personal and social peace, prosperity of the people and thus caused the improvement of society. Modern urban spaces admitting to crimes and aberrations resulting in lack of security in the city, Security Survey in urban areas is an important issue. This paper examined the impact of resident's sense of safety in urban areas. It uses applied research and descriptive analysis. Quantitative methods and techniques used for evaluating data from the survey (see questionnaire). It studied two areas of Arak city: Hepco (Zone 1) and Ayatollah Saeedi (zone 4). Research findings suggest that environmental differences are effective on the level of security in the city. People who live in zone1 feel more security than residents of zone 4 at night. Also the women feel more insecurity than men at night. Also between 4 studied subjects (men and women of both areas) men and women of zone 4 use other places for shop and fun more than men and women of zone 1. Also in both areas women use other places more than men. both groups have same ideas about the safe and unsafe places. The majority of them evaluate silent streets, one-way streets and low traffic areas as insecure places. In addition, people considered the presence of police and security forces, promoting the cultural and pay more attention to city design as an important factor of creating the sense of security.

The objective of this paper is to examine the coherence and consistency of the masses and the public space in urban areas. The continuity and integrity of one of the main criteria is the quality of urban spaces. Mainly indigenous and traditional spaces such quality criteria. The paper claims that now, both practical and theoretical areas of urban and environmental design associated with the main challenges are in the field. The result is that, in theory, theoretical approaches to this issue and no recall was necessary in practice, many urban areas lack the coherence and cohesion is necessary. The present article is a phenomenological approach - psychological, the continuity and coherence of urban public spaces and buildings studied and integration criteria of the urban public spaces is investigated. Phenomenological approach, limited to the study of urban public spaces according to their specific circumstances regardless of causal factors were; The psychological approach, the role of public perception and understanding of the continuity of the building and the city's public spaces of the city; In this conjunction buildings and public spaces in the city, a function of the continuity of physical space, spatial, social activity, and symbolic introduced.

From long ago, square has been considered as a space for performing area of cities, and it has been a factor determining the identity of cities through its design and structures. However, with the growth of cities and arrival of modernity management challenges are facing cities. Accordingly, cities have gradually changed into a place for predicting different types of technological, conceptual, and social solutions. These factors have embedded their objective manifestation in the body of Iranian cities along with Persian – Islamic architect and urbanism and put in place a new form of urban spaces. In the meantime we are witnessing that past function of spaces such as squares previously used to be considered as an open space and an element indication the spatial – physical coordination of activities, has changed and gained new appearances. The present paper seeks to investigate the factors such as changes in visual and motor space, new civil relations and stimuli speed in three steps. Including: 1- ideal space, 2- movement space, and 3- visual space in forms of square as an element for gathering, square as an element for passage and square as a missing ring, Moreover, factors affecting the survival or destruction of this missing ring of Islamic architecture and urbanism will be analyzed. Also identify – causing factors in spatial analysis of square and the role of theoretical knowledge in understanding instances of Identity will be making clear.

Today, the concept of justice as essential in the process of urban planning and management of metropolitan areas is considered. The emergence of concepts such as justice, fairness and social justice and the environment is similar to this. However, dealing with the concept of perspective and allocation policies and action plans in this regard seems to be quite necessary. This study of the theoretical foundations, and in the expression of analytical results, the secondary analysis; The study includes a set of tools for data collection and statistical reports Statistical Center of Iran and Tehran Municipality has benefited in 22 districts of the municipality. Following the concept of justice in the 4 components: providing fair housing, providing adequate access to services, the provision of facilities (opportunity) for all and fairness in the distribution of resources is evaluated; Finally, in contrast to the expression of the 22 districts, several measures related to the realization of justice is mentioned.

The concept of spatial justice has been widely employed in the recent literature that attempts to deal with concepts and practices of justice from a geographical perspective. However, the concept of spatial justice needs to be recast. Spatial justice could be the most radical offspring of law’s ‘spatial turn’. Spatial justice is arguably the most promising platform on which to redefine, not only the connection between law and geography but, more importantly, the conceptual foundations of both law and space. The current literature has defined spatial justice as simply a geographically informed version of social justice. Law’s spatial turn presents two opportunities: first, to rethink of the law’s spatiality, namely the novel unpredictability of geographical space that has now flowed into law. And second, to reclaim the concept of spatial justice from a socially diffusing, geographically applied concept of regionalism, while also making a case for it from within the law. This is a radical and novel research area which will be expected to address issues such as: What is the connection between law and justice from a geographical perspective? Is spatial justice merely a version of social/distributive justice? By theorizing spatial justice, I hope to develop an analytical framework that is gaining ground in urban planning and geography, yet remains theoretically undeveloped. I hope to extend an insight at the heart of environmental justice the places we live, work, and play have a profound effect on the social relations among us, and hence the justice relations among us. By extending this analysis to space more generally, I hope to give a new language to theorists of environment, justice, and contemporary political conflicts.

Segregation has been widely discussed by social scientists and especially by urban geographers and planners over the past decades. However, regardless of their focus, most of these studies view segregation as an obvious case of spatial injustice. I argue that this implicit relationship between segregation, (in) justice, and space needs to be reexamined. This paper approaches this task by reviewing an interdisciplinary body of literature (including geography, sociology, history, political sciences, and philosophy) that deals with segregation without (explicitly) tackling the issue of justice. It will then question the dominant contemporary discourse that holds that the Just City should be a diverse city at the neighborhood scale.

In today''s cities, especially metropolises, the issue of identity and its transformation has become one of the most important issues among urban authorities and designers. Mean while, Mashhad as the second religious metropolises in the world has an identity- causing and effective role among Islamic cities of Iran; In recent decades, the amount of urban construction, especially in central part of the city, has significantly increased. This trend has involved identity developments, too. Shohada square as a case study is one of the most crowded squares and the connecting point of six major wags linking Mashhad, railway stretch, Kooh Sangi neighborhood, Khaje Rabei, the Holy Shrine, Ferdowsi square, and Shahid Kalantari highway, which is among the main centers affecting the identity of city – center fabric and creating a sense of place. In this regard, we study the interaction between men and place via the environment''s psychological leverage so that in addition to achieve a sense of more satisfaction of the residential place, feelings of attachment to the place, security, identity, and originality is reinforced. However, is seems that what is nowadays defined as an Iranian – Islamic model for urban environments is not an appropriate response for the Islamic community and richness of Iranian architecture. Thus, the value of introducing and offering some suggestions in lined with this requirement and analyzing the bases for the formation and organization of Shohada square as an environment with a historical – religious background is not less than investigating the divine affairs. Findings suggest that there is an increasing trend toward diversity in buildings, especially urban squares; we are considering culture as a dynamic issue, so that we could provide an appropriate bed for achieving an original identity, an environment to live, and establishing more spatial attachment for people.