fahimeh

The historical context of the city of Birjand in South Khorasan has significant architectural works from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, which have been carried out until the end of a complete investigation on the motifs left from the Qajar period based on the concept of visual semantics. Based on this, in this research, which is done in a descriptive-analytical way with a historical nature, at first, all the Qajar buildings were identified and photographed by referring to the cultural heritage archives and field visits. Then, all the studied buildings were classified into four categories: gardens, private houses, houses, and schools, and one landmark building was selected from each category. The reasons for the selection were based on the building's index and soundness, the presence of numerous motifs and the non-change of motifs in different periods. Then, based on the approach of visual semantics of each role individually, semiology and etymology were done. Then again, all motifs of a building were analyzed and read meaningfully in their context (gardens, private homes, school houses) and the discourse space of the Qajar period (religious, social and political view) because in this approach only structural classification and semiology of fashion It is not an opinion, but a semantic analysis of motifs based on the viewpoint of the speaker and the discourse of the society. Based on this, it was found that the motifs of the Qajar period in the historical context of Birjand were carved based on the components of the motifs of ancient Iran, and the western motifs are less visible in it. Also, based on the semantics of the motifs and inscriptions obtained, it was found that the religious and social view of this region was based on the view of the Shia religion.

Detection of microbial pathogens in water is one of the major health issues. Escherichia coli species are used as indicators of fecal contamination in water microbial detection. In this study, efficacies of two methods of multiple tube fermentation and polymerase chain reaction have been compared for the detection of coliforms (especially Escherichia coli) in water. To compare multiple tube fermentation and polymerase chain reaction methods, 15 water samples were collected from five different sources (three gutter, six well, three tap and three bottled mineral water samples). The samples were cultured in lactose broth media to achieve the most probable number of bacteria. Furthermore, acetate cellulose filter method was used for the bacterial DNA extraction to investigate lacZ (indicating the presence of coliforms) and uidA (indicating the presence of Escherichia coli) genes. Based on the results of multiple tube fermentation, eight (53.3%) and six (40%) samples were contaminated with coliforms and Escherichia coli, respectively. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction results showed that ten (66.7%) and eight (53.3%) samples contained coliforms and Escherichia coli, respectively. Results have suggested that polymerase chain reaction is much faster, more accurate and more sensitive than traditional methods (e.g. multiple tube fermentation) for the detection of coliform contaminated water. Moreover, several types of bacteria can be tracked simultaneously by M-PCR. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The plantar sensory impairments has an impact on the balance. Textured insoles are being used to improve foot sensation and balance. The majority of the literature has only focused on the intervention applied to the plantar surface; no adequate attention paid toward other area of the foot such as dorsum surface. This study was to compare the effect of textured insoles on ankle proprioception and balance. 16 females, 14 males with the history of falling during the last year were recruited in this study. They were randomly tested in four different conditions: textured insole, textured collar and tongue, placebo insole, and no insole. Ankle joint position sense and balance tests including “forward reach test” and “timed up and go” were carried out by all participants. All data were recorded and analyzed using “repeated measure ANOVA”. Participants did the ankle joint position sense with smaller errors while using textured insole (P<0.01). The recorded time showed a significant reduction when textured insole used over the dorsal surface and around the ankle, in timed up and go test (P<0.01). It has been postulated that using the textured insole in different instep area of a shoe could improve the somatosensory sensation, functional balance and proprioception.

Tarikh-e-Beihaghi is known not only as a historical work but also as a prose work in Persian literature. The history of the book goes back to one thousand years ago; however, many people read this book eagerly and appreciate its author. In this study we have investigated the reasons behind such great success. We believe that this work has gone beyond historical base and has achieved a literary standard. To confirm the idea, the story of Boobakr Hasiri, Afshin and Bidolaf story and Khishkhaneh story have been selected for the study based on Grimas mode.Based on the Semiotic Square, narrative chains and meaning formation process in the story we concluded that these texts are similar to Griemas actantiel Model. This similarity helps us to assure the readers that Tarikh Beihaghi has achieved a literary standard in terms of Griemas actantiel Model used for the study.

The general form of traditional architecture have originated from the popular tradition, which is without an intermediary, and it flows in depth of pupolar cuture. This also form in the kind of spiritual and material and impression on related needs, values, goals and finally through suffer, happiness and comfort. In rural architecture buildings seems to be simple and made by people thinking with their intelligence and capacity by using their own relationship. There is a direct relation between apparent form of houses and culture of village community. For this reason while the house pattern provide cultural social and economical obligation, they strongly resist against any changes. According to the statistic center of Iran the conventional definition of village is: “the settlement with maximum population of 5000 with main activies in agriculture and animal husbandry”. Whereas villages have an important role in economic of country, provision of villager’s welfare for prevention of their immigration to cities which is crucial. Therefore, in this case to review the role of architecture in this procedure is essential, and this study will try to answer the following questions. What is the role of villages and villagers in economic of country? What effect does make a living condition of villagers in type and method of their place of resident? How do the village houses arrange in relation with their region? What effect the culture of villagers and their community relationship could have in the arrangement of spaces in residential units and texture of village? How is the building material provided and the selection of them, what effect have on the methods of construction?